Testing enhances learning: A review of the literature.

The retrieval of information from memory through testing produces learning advantages that are superior to studying alone; a phenomenon called the testing effect. Despite strong and consistent evidence that testing improves retention and recall of information, and superior organization of information within memory, testing continues to be under-utilized as a pedagogical strategy by teachers and as a self-regulatory strategy by learners. Testing that promotes recall rather than recognition of information, that is repeated at intervals over time, and that is accompanied by feedback is optimal for promoting learning. In addition to using testing as a powerful teaching tool, educators should promote the use of self-testing by learners to support the life-long learning that is essential to professional practice.