Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Environ Res. 2018 Oct;166:409-417. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.032. Epub 2018 Jun 21.
While there has been consistent evidence that symptoms reported by individuals who suffer from Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) are not caused by EMF and are more closely associated with a nocebo effect, whether this response is specific to IEI-EMF sufferers and what triggers it, remains unclear. The present experiment tested whether perceived EMF exposure could elicit symptoms in healthy participants, and whether viewing an 'alarmist' video could exacerbate a nocebo response. Participants were randomly assigned to watch either an alarmist (N = 22) or control video (N = 22) before completing a series of sham and active radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure provocation trials (2 open-label, followed by 12 randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trials). Pre- and post-video state anxiety and risk perception, as well as belief of exposure and symptom ratings during the open-label and double-blind provocation trials, were assessed. Symptoms were higher in the open-label RF-ON than RF-OFF trial (p < .001). No difference in either symptoms (p = .183) or belief of exposure (p = .144) was observed in the double-blind trials. Participants who viewed the alarmist video had a significant increase in symptoms (p = .041), state anxiety (p < .01) and risk perception (p < .001) relative to the control group. These results reveal the crucial role of awareness and belief in the presentation of symptoms during perceived exposure to EMF, showing that healthy participants exhibit a nocebo response, and that alarmist media reports emphasizing adverse effects of EMF also contribute to a nocebo response.
尽管有一致的证据表明,个体报告的症状患有特发性环境过敏症归因于电磁场(IEI-EMF)不是由电磁场引起的,更密切地与反安慰剂效应相关,但是这种反应是否特定于 IEI-EMF 患者,以及是什么触发了这种反应,目前尚不清楚。本实验测试了感知电磁场暴露是否会在健康参与者中引起症状,以及观看“危言耸听”的视频是否会加剧反安慰剂反应。参与者被随机分配观看一个危言耸听的视频(N=22)或控制视频(N=22),然后完成一系列假和主动射频(RF)电磁场暴露诱发试验(2 个开放标签,随后 12 个随机、双盲、平衡对照试验)。在观看视频前后评估状态焦虑和风险感知,以及在开放标签和双盲诱发试验期间的暴露和症状评分的信念。在开放标签 RF-ON 试验中症状高于 RF-OFF 试验(p<0.001)。在双盲试验中,症状(p=0.183)或暴露的信念(p=0.144)均无差异。观看危言耸听视频的参与者症状显著增加(p=0.041),状态焦虑(p<0.01)和风险感知(p<0.001)与对照组相比。这些结果揭示了在感知电磁场暴露期间,意识和信念在症状表现中的关键作用,表明健康参与者表现出反安慰剂反应,并且强调电磁场不利影响的危言耸听的媒体报道也促成了反安慰剂反应。
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