a Expert Performance and Skill Acquisition Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science , St Mary's University , Twickenham , UK.
b Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre , Swansea University , Swansea , UK.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Nov;18(10):1309-1316. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1486459. Epub 2018 Jun 23.
Place kicks in Rugby Union present valuable opportunities to score points outside the spatiotemporal dynamics of open play but are executed under varying performance constraints. We analysed effects of specific task constraints and relevant contextual factors on place kick performance in the 2015 Rugby Union World Cup. Data were collected from television broadcasts for each place kick. In addition to kick outcomes, contextual factors, including time of the kick in the match, score margin at the time of the kick, and outcome of the kicker's previous kick, were recorded. Effects of spatial task constraints were analysed for each kick, using distance (m) and angle (°) of the kick to the goalposts. A binomial logistic regression model revealed that distance from, and angle to, the goalposts were significant predictors of place kick outcome. Furthermore, the success percentage of kickers who missed their previous kick was 7% lower than those who scored their previous kick. Place kick success percentage in the 10 minutes before half-time was 8% lower than the mean tournament success percentage, which was 75% (95% CI 71-78%). The highest kick success percentage was recorded when scores were level (83%; 95% CI 72-91%). Our data highlighted how subtle changes in task constraints and contextual factors can influence performance outcomes in elite performers in international competition. Fluctuations in place kick success suggested that individual constraints, such as thoughts, emotions and fatigue, induced during competition, could interact with perceptions to influence emergent performance behaviours.
橄榄球比赛中的定位球提供了在开放式比赛的时空动态之外得分的宝贵机会，但在执行时受到各种表现限制的影响。我们分析了特定任务限制和相关背景因素对 2015 年橄榄球世界杯定位球表现的影响。从电视转播中为每个定位球收集数据。除了踢球结果外，还记录了相关背景因素，包括比赛中踢球的时间、踢球时的比分差距以及踢球者前一次踢球的结果。对于每次踢球，使用踢球到球门柱的距离（m）和角度（°）分析空间任务限制的影响。二项逻辑回归模型显示，距离球门柱的远近和与球门柱的角度是定位球结果的显著预测因素。此外，前一次踢失的踢球者的成功率比踢进的踢球者低 7%。上半场前 10 分钟的定位球成功率比锦标赛平均成功率低 8%，为 75%（95%置信区间 71-78%）。当比分相平时，最高的踢球成功率为 83%（95%置信区间 72-91%）。我们的数据突出了任务限制和背景因素的细微变化如何影响国际比赛中精英运动员的表现结果。定位球成功率的波动表明，比赛中个体的限制因素，如思想、情绪和疲劳等，与感知相互作用，可能会影响出现的表现行为。
