Wolfe Samantha A., Sharma Sandeep
St. Luke's University Health Network
Mery Fitzgerald Hospital
The parathyroid glands were first identified in animals in the mid-1880s. Felix Mandl performed the first parathyroidectomy in Vienna in 1925. Since then, there have been many advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of parathyroid disease. The parathyroid glands are small, oval-shaped structures found close to the thyroid. Eighty-five percent of patients have 4 glands, with 2 lying superior and 2 inferior. The superior glands (developed from the fourth branchial pouch) are usually located on the posterior-lateral surface of the middle to superior thyroid lobe. The inferior glands are more variable in location due to their embryological descent with the thymus (both developing from the third branchial pouch) and can be found at any point along its path of descent. Most commonly, they are located in the inferior third of the thyroid gland. A normal parathyroid gland is the size of an apple seed and weighs approximately 0.5 g. Microadenomas are defined as tumors that weigh less than 0.1 g, while a giant adenoma is over 2 g. The average weight of an adenoma is 1 g.
甲状旁腺于19世纪80年代中期在动物体内首次被发现。1925年，费利克斯·曼德尔在维也纳实施了首例甲状旁腺切除术。从那时起，在甲状旁腺疾病的认识、诊断和治疗方面取得了许多进展。甲状旁腺是靠近甲状腺的小的椭圆形结构。85%的患者有4个甲状旁腺，其中2个位于上方，2个位于下方。上方的甲状旁腺（由第四鳃囊发育而来）通常位于甲状腺中上部的后外侧表面。下方的甲状旁腺位置更易变，因为它们与胸腺一起胚胎下降（两者均由第三鳃囊发育而来），并且可以在其下降路径上的任何位置找到。最常见的是，它们位于甲状腺的下三分之一处。正常甲状旁腺的大小如苹果籽，重约0.5克。微腺瘤定义为重量小于0.1克的肿瘤，而巨大腺瘤超过2克。腺瘤的平均重量为1克。
