Schwenk Kurt
Department of Zoology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
J Morphol. 1986 May;188(2):129-156. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051880202.
The morphology and histology of the tongue in Sphenodon punctatus are described and used to infer function and to determine character state polarities in lepidosaurs. The tongue lacks an anterior notch and is covered with filamentous papillae, including specialized gustatory papillae containing taste buds. Lingual glands are restricted to mucocytes covering the papillae. Three intrinsic tongue muscles are identified and shown to be discrete fiber systems and not merely elaborations of the M. hyoglossus. These muscles interact with a connective tissue skeleton, particularly three septal planes, to cause changes in tongue shape. Tongue protrusion is probably caused by hyoid protraction and contraction of posterior genioglossus fibers; retraction by hyoid retraction, hyoglossus contraction, and contraction of anterior genioglossus fibers. It is argued that taste is important in prey discrimination and possibly in courtship. Vomeronasal function is probably mediated by inhalation and not tongue movement. Insertion of genioglossus fibers into the buccal floor is a derived feature of lepidosaur tongues. Derived features of squamate tongues include an anterior bifurcation, a divided genioglossus comprising medial and lateral portions, ventral transverse and circular muscle fiber systems around the hyoglossus, and the presence of a median septum. The tongue of the squamate family Iguanidae shares many plesiomorphic features with Sphenodon.
描述了斑点楔齿蜥舌头的形态学和组织学特征，并据此推断其功能，以及确定鳞龙类的性状状态极性。舌头没有前切迹，表面覆盖着丝状乳头，包括含有味蕾的特化味觉乳头。舌腺仅限于覆盖乳头的黏液细胞。识别出三条舌内肌，并表明它们是离散的纤维系统，而不仅仅是舌骨舌肌的细化。这些肌肉与结缔组织骨骼相互作用，特别是三个间隔平面，从而引起舌头形状的变化。舌头伸出可能是由舌骨前伸和颏舌肌后纤维收缩引起的；回缩则是由舌骨回缩、舌骨舌肌收缩和颏舌肌前纤维收缩引起的。有人认为味觉在猎物辨别中很重要，在求偶过程中可能也很重要。犁鼻器功能可能是通过吸气介导的，而不是通过舌头运动。颏舌肌纤维插入颊底是鳞龙类舌头的一个衍生特征。有鳞目蜥蜴舌头的衍生特征包括前端分叉、由内侧和外侧部分组成的分裂颏舌肌、围绕舌骨舌肌的腹侧横向和环形肌纤维系统，以及存在正中隔。鬣蜥科有鳞目蜥蜴的舌头与斑点楔齿蜥有许多近祖特征。
