MacDonald Amanda M, Jardine Claire M, Rejman Evelin, Barta John R, Bowman Jeff, Cai Hugh Y, Susta Leonardo, Nemeth Nicole M
1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
2 Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
J Wildl Dis. 2019 Jan;55(1):54-63. doi: 10.7589/2017-11-273. Epub 2018 Jun 27.
Following extirpation from Ontario, Canada in the early 1900s, Eastern Wild Turkeys (EWTs; Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were successfully reintroduced to the province in 1984. Despite the subsequent establishment of robust populations and biannual hunting seasons, data on the circulation of potential pathogens in these birds are lacking. Similarly, the interface between EWTs and poultry is poorly understood and includes possible bidirectional pathogen transmission via direct or indirect contact. Mycoplasma and Eimeria spp. are potential pathogens in Galliformes, and our objective was to determine their prevalence and distribution in Ontario EWTs. During the 2015 spring hunting season (April and May), oropharyngeal swabs from 147 hunter-harvested and five opportunistically collected EWTs from southern Ontario were cultured for Mycoplasma spp. The intestinal or cloacal contents of 107 of these birds and an additional 24 opportunistically and biologist-collected EWTs were analyzed for Eimeria spp. using PCR or fecal flotation. At least one Mycoplasma spp. was isolated from 98.7% (150/152) of EWTs, with six species identified. Mycoplasma gallopavonis was identified most commonly in 96.7% (147/152), followed by Mycoplasma gallinaceum in 23.7% (36/152). Potential poultry pathogens ( Mycoplasma meleagridis, Mycoplasma iowae, and Mycoplasma synoviae) were isolated from swabs of five (3.3%) EWTs. Coinfections with up to three Mycoplasma spp. were detected in 36.8% (56/152) of EWTs. Most EWTs tested positive for Eimeria spp. oocysts (75.6%; 99/131). A subset of positive samples ( n=16) were characterized by PCR, which detected the following species: Eimeria meleagrimitis (93.8%), Eimeria adenoeides (93.8%), Eimeria gallopavonis (56.3%), and Eimeria meleagridis (12.5%). The majority (93.8%) of these samples were positive for more than one Eimeria spp. We showed that numerous, mostly nonpathogenic Mycoplasma and Eimeria spp. circulate in EWTs across southern Ontario, and this helped to establish baseline information for comparison with future surveillance and monitoring.
20世纪初从加拿大安大略省绝迹后，东部野生火鸡（EWTs；Meleagris gallopavo silvestris）于1984年成功重新引入该省。尽管随后建立了数量可观的种群并设立了一年两次的狩猎季，但关于这些鸟类中潜在病原体传播情况的数据却很缺乏。同样，EWTs与家禽之间的交叉情况也鲜为人知，这包括通过直接或间接接触可能发生的双向病原体传播。支原体和艾美耳球虫属是鸡形目中的潜在病原体，我们的目标是确定它们在安大略省EWTs中的流行情况和分布。在2015年春季狩猎季（4月和5月），对从安大略省南部147只猎人捕获以及5只机会性收集的EWTs的口咽拭子进行支原体培养。对其中107只鸟的肠道或泄殖腔内容物以及另外24只机会性收集和生物学家采集的EWTs，使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）或粪便漂浮法分析艾美耳球虫属。从98.7%（150/152）的EWTs中分离出至少一种支原体，共鉴定出6个种类。火鸡支原体最常见，占96.7%（147/152），其次是鸡支原体，占23.7%（36/152）。从5只（3.3%）EWTs的拭子中分离出潜在的家禽病原体（火鸡支原体、衣阿华支原体和滑液支原体）。在36.8%（56/152）的EWTs中检测到多达三种支原体的混合感染。大多数EWTs的艾美耳球虫卵囊检测呈阳性（75.6%；99/131）。对一部分阳性样本（n = 16）进行PCR鉴定，检测到以下种类：火鸡艾美耳球虫（93.8%）、腺艾美耳球虫（93.8%）、火鸡艾美耳球虫（56.3%）和火鸡艾美耳球虫（12.5%）。这些样本中的大多数（93.8%）对不止一种艾美耳球虫属呈阳性。我们发现，安大略省南部的EWTs中存在多种，大多为非致病性的支原体和艾美耳球虫属，这有助于建立基线信息，以便与未来的监测进行比较。
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