Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
J Affect Disord. 2018 Oct 1;238:636-644. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.071. Epub 2018 Jun 9.
It is unclear if individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) present different nonverbal behavior (NVB) compared with healthy individuals, and also if depression treatments affect NVB. In this study, we compared the NVB of MDD subjects and healthy controls. We also verified how MDD subjects' NVB is affected by depression severity and acute treatments.
We evaluated 100 MDD outpatients and 83 controls. We used a 21-category ethogram to assess the frequency of positive and negative NVB at baseline. MDD subjects were also assessed after eight weeks of treatment (pharmacotherapy or neuromodulation). We used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the NVB of MDD subjects and controls; beta regression models to verify associations between MDD severity and NVB; the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify changes in NVB after treatment; and logistic regression models to verify NVB associated with treatment response according to the Hamilton depression rating scale.
Compared with controls, MDD subjects presented higher levels of six negative NVB (shrug, head and lips down, adaptive hand gestures, frown and cry) and lower levels of two positive NVB (eye contact and smile). MDD subjects' NVB was not associated with depression severity, and did not significantly change after depression treatment. Treatment responders showed more interpersonal proximity at baseline than non-responders.
Our ethogram had no measure of behavior duration, and we had a short follow-up period.
MDD subjects have more negative and less positive social NVB than controls. Their nonverbal behavior remained stable after clinical response to acute depression treatments.
目前尚不清楚与健康个体相比，患有重度抑郁症（MDD）的个体是否表现出不同的非言语行为（NVB），以及抑郁治疗是否会影响 NVB。在这项研究中，我们比较了 MDD 患者和健康对照者的 NVB。我们还验证了 MDD 患者的 NVB 如何受到抑郁严重程度和急性治疗的影响。
我们评估了 100 名 MDD 门诊患者和 83 名对照者。我们使用 21 类行为量表基线评估积极和消极 NVB 的频率。MDD 患者还在八周的治疗（药物治疗或神经调节）后进行了评估。我们使用 Wilcoxon 符号秩检验比较 MDD 患者和对照组的 NVB；β回归模型验证 MDD 严重程度与 NVB 之间的关联；Shapiro-Wilk 检验验证治疗后 NVB 的变化；以及逻辑回归模型验证根据汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表与治疗反应相关的 NVB。
与对照组相比，MDD 患者表现出更高水平的六种消极 NVB（耸肩、头和嘴唇向下、适应性手势、皱眉和哭泣）和两种积极 NVB（眼神接触和微笑）水平较低。MDD 患者的 NVB 与抑郁严重程度无关，并且在抑郁治疗后没有明显变化。治疗反应者在基线时比非反应者表现出更多的人际接近度。
我们的行为量表没有行为持续时间的测量，并且我们的随访时间很短。
MDD 患者的社交 NVB 比对照组更消极、更积极。他们的非言语行为在急性抑郁治疗后的临床反应后保持稳定。
