He Meng-Yuan, Dong Tong-Xi, Ru Shu-Hua, Su De-Chun
College of Resources and Environment Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Institute of Agro-resource and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2017 Apr 8;38(4):1576-1586. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201609227.
The long term and high dosage application of livestock manure may result in heavy metal accumulation and migration in the soil, which may endanger food security and affect the top soil heavy metal environmental capacity. Thus, one of the most important tasks for prevention of soil heavy metal pollution is scientific determination of the safe use load of heavy metals in livestock manure. A 4-year field plot experiment was carried out to quantitatively study the accumulation and migration characteristics of heavy metals from pig and chicken manure in soil profiles and the differences of bioavailability. The results showed that the contents of Cu and Cd increased significantly by 43.8%-118.6% and 28.2%-44.9% in topsoil(0-15 cm) after 4-consecutive year application of pig manure, and the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, Pb also increased by 29.7%-48.5%, 239%-456%, 19.9%-80.8%, 40.4%-163%,11.8%-22.0% and 80.3%~95.0% obviously after application of chicken manure. The accumulation rates of Cu and Zn in topsoil were 76.4%-119% and 14.2%-20.4% with pig manure, 72.1%-88.7% and 63.9%-78.9% with chicken manure. Under a high dosage of pig and chicken manure, Cu and Zn migrated to a deeper soil evidently. Applying 60 t·hm of pig manure after 4-consecutive year, Cu could migrate to 15-30 cm soil layer, Zn migrated to 30-60 cm soil layer with chicken manure. Except topsoil, the contents of Cr, Cd, As, Pb did not significantly increase in other soil layers. 4-year continuous application of chicken manure significantly decreased the contents of Cu and Cd, but increased the contents of Zn and Cr in wheat grain and the content of Zn in wheat straw. Pig manure significantly decreased the content of Zn in wheat grain, but increased As content with 60 t·hm, the contents of Cu and As in wheat straw also increased significantly. Besides, the cumulative rate of heavy metals in wheat was no more than 6%, wheat grain carried out more Cu, Zn than straw, but the Cd, Cr, As, Pb were opposite. The cumulative rate of heavy metals in wheat decreased with the increasing application of manure. This research has an important significance in scientific determination of the heavy metal loads of plow layer, ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural production, and providing a scientific basis for the source control of soil heavy metal pollution and the safety production of agricultural goods.
长期高剂量施用畜禽粪便可能导致土壤中重金属积累和迁移，危及粮食安全，影响表层土壤重金属环境容量。因此，科学确定畜禽粪便中重金属的安全使用负荷是防治土壤重金属污染的重要任务之一。开展了为期4年的田间小区试验，定量研究猪粪和鸡粪中重金属在土壤剖面中的积累和迁移特征以及生物有效性差异。结果表明，连续4年施用猪粪后，表层土壤（0-15厘米）中铜和镉含量显著增加43.8%-118.6%和28.2%-44.9%，施用鸡粪后，铜、锌、镉、铬、砷、铅含量也明显增加29.7%-48.5%、239%-456%、19.9%-80.8%、40.4%-163%、11.8%-22.0%和80.3%~95.0%。猪粪处理下表层土壤铜和锌的积累率分别为76.4%-119%和14.2%-20.4%，鸡粪处理下分别为72.1%-88.7%和63.9%-78.9%。在高剂量猪粪和鸡粪作用下，铜和锌明显向深层土壤迁移。连续4年后施用60吨·公顷猪粪，铜可迁移至15-30厘米土层，鸡粪处理下锌迁移至30-60厘米土层。除表层土壤外，其他土层中铬、镉、砷、铅含量未显著增加。连续4年施用鸡粪显著降低了小麦籽粒中铜和镉含量，但增加了锌和铬含量以及小麦秸秆中锌含量。猪粪显著降低了小麦籽粒中锌含量，但60吨·公顷施用量下增加了砷含量，小麦秸秆中铜和砷含量也显著增加。此外，小麦中重金属累积率不超过6%，小麦籽粒中铜、锌含量高于秸秆，但镉、铬、砷、铅则相反。小麦中重金属累积率随粪肥施用量增加而降低。本研究对于科学确定耕层重金属负荷、保障农业生产质量安全、为土壤重金属污染源控制和农产品安全生产提供科学依据具有重要意义。
