Wang Qi, Taylor Holly A, Brunyé Tad T
1 Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
2 Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 May;72(5):1250-1279. doi: 10.1177/1747021818789078. Epub 2018 Jul 27.
Four experiments examined perceptuo-motor associations involved in spatial knowledge encoding and retrieval. Participants learned spatial information by studying a map or by navigating through a real environment and then verified spatial descriptions based on either egocentric or cardinal directional terms. Participants moved the computer mouse to a YES or NO button to verify each statement. We tracked mouse cursor trajectories to examine perceptuo-motor associations in spatial knowledge. An encoding hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations depend on the involvement of perceptions and actions during encoding, regardless of how spatial knowledge would be used. The retrieval hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations change as a function of retrieval demands, regardless of how they are learned. The results supported the retrieval hypothesis. Participants showed action compatibility effects with egocentric retrieval, regardless of how spatial information was learned. With well-developed spatial knowledge, a reliable compatibility effect emerged during egocentric retrieval, but no or limited compatibility effects emerged with cardinal retrieval. With less-developed knowledge, the compatibility effects evident during cardinal retrieval suggest a process of egocentric recoding. Other factors of environment learning, such as location proximity and orientation changes, also impacted the compatibility effect, as revealed in the temporal dynamics of mouse movements. Taken together, the results demonstrate that retrieval demands differentially rely upon perceptuo-motor associations in long-term spatial knowledge. This effect is also modulated by environment experience, proximity of learned locations, and experienced orientations.
四项实验研究了空间知识编码和检索过程中涉及的感知运动关联。参与者通过研究地图或在真实环境中导航来学习空间信息，然后根据以自我为中心或基本方向术语来验证空间描述。参与者将电脑鼠标移至“是”或“否”按钮以验证每条陈述。我们追踪鼠标光标轨迹以研究空间知识中的感知运动关联。一种编码假设预测，感知运动关联取决于编码过程中感知和行动的参与情况，而与空间知识的使用方式无关。检索假设预测，感知运动关联会根据检索需求而变化，与它们的学习方式无关。结果支持了检索假设。无论空间信息是如何学习的，参与者在以自我为中心的检索中都表现出动作兼容性效应。对于完善的空间知识，在以自我为中心的检索过程中会出现可靠的兼容性效应，但在基本方向检索中则没有或只有有限的兼容性效应。对于发展不完善的知识，在基本方向检索中明显的兼容性效应表明存在一个以自我为中心的重新编码过程。环境学习的其他因素，如位置接近度和方向变化，也会影响兼容性效应，这在鼠标移动的时间动态中得到了体现。综合来看，结果表明检索需求在长期空间知识中对感知运动关联的依赖存在差异。这种效应还受到环境体验、所学位置的接近度和经历的方向的调节。
