Biomarkers in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Biomarkers are tools in pulmonary hypertension (PH) management. They may address risk assessment, disease progression, response to medical and surgical therapy, risk of right heart failure, and prognosis. The activation of molecular pathways is the pathophysiological underpinning of the biomarkers assessed in peripheral venous blood. A multiparametric approach, involving different biomarkers, is preferred because it provides relevant clinical information regarding different organs and body systems. This is especially true in the final stages of PH with its comorbidities and different pathophysiological patterns, supporting that PH is a systemic condition rather than an isolated cardiorespiratory illness.