Robust Estimation of Displacement in Real-Time Freehand Ultrasound Strain Imaging.

We present a novel and efficient approach for robust estimation of displacement in real-time strain imaging for freehand ultrasound elastography by utilizing pre- and post-deformation ultrasound images. We define a quality factor for image lines and find the line with the highest value of quality factor to serve as the seed line for generating the displacement map. We also develop an analytical framework for coarse-to-fine displacement estimation, obtain an initial estimate of the seed line's displacement with subsample precision, and propagate it to the entire image to obtain a high quality strain image. Our fast strategy for estimating the seed line's displacement enables us to enhance the robustness without sacrificing the speed by identifying a new seed line when the quality falls below a given threshold. This is more efficient than the existing approaches that utilize multiple seed lines to improve robustness. Simulations, phantom experiments, and clinical studies show high signal-to-noise-ratio and contrast-to-noise-ratio values in our method for a wide range of average strain levels (1%-10%). Phantom experiments also demonstrate that our method is robust against corrupt and decorrelated data. Our method is superior to the existing real-time methods as it can produce high-quality strain images for up to 10% average strain levels at the rate of 20 frames/s on conventional CPUs.