Hemodynamic Sensing of 3-D Fingertip Force by Using Nonpulsatile and Pulsatile Signals in the Proximal Part.

This study proposed a novel sensing method of 3-D contact force at a fingertip by using a photoplethysmogram (PPG) device on the proximal part of a finger. The proposed system detects nonpulsatile and pulsatile components of PPG signals from both sides of the proximal part, extracts 16 feature values related to the contact force, and estimates the 3-D force by using a multiple linear regression model. In the validation experiments, the participants wore a PPG device at the proximal parts of their index fingers and applied a contact force at the fingertips for the 11 types of touch actions. The results indicated that satisfactory agreements are observed between the system outputs and the reference forces by the calibrated force sensor. Moreover, the results revealed that the most effective number of feature values corresponded to six for the higher reproducible sensing. Although the development of the effective calibration method is expected to increase robustness, we realized that the proposed method can potentially be used for a 3-D input user interface.