A Column-Row-Parallel Ultrasound Imaging Architecture for 3D Plane-wave Imaging and Tx 2nd-Order Harmonic Distortion (HD2) Reduction.

We propose a Column-Row-Parallel imaging frontend architecture for integrated and low-power 3D medical ultrasound imaging. The Column-Row-Parallel architecture offers linear-scaling interconnection, acquisition and programming time with row-by-row or column-by-column operations, while supporting volumetric imaging functionality and fault-tolerance against possible transducer element defects with per-element controls. The combination of column-parallel selection logic, row-parallel selection logic, and per-element selection logic reaches a balance between flexible imaging aperture definition and manageable imaging data / control interface to a 2D array. A 16×16 CMUT-ASIC Column-Row-Parallel prototype is fabricated and assembled with a flip-chip bonding process. It facilitates the 3D plane-wave coherent compounding algorithm for volumetric imaging with a fast frame rate of 62.5 Hz and 46% improved lateral resolution with 10-angle compounding and a field of view volume of 2.3mm in both azimuth and elevation, 8.5mm in depth. At a hypothetically scaled up 64x64 array size, the frame rate can still be kept at 31.2 Hz for a volume of 40mm in both azimuth and elevation, 150mm in depth. An interleaved checker board pattern with in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) excitations is also demonstrated for reducing CMUT second harmonic distortion (HD2) emission by up to 25 dB at the loss of 3 dB fundamental energy reduction. The method reduces nonlinear effects from both transducers and circuits and is a wide band technique that is applicable to arbitrary pulse shapes.