Differential impact of socioeconomic position across life on oral cancer risk in Kerala, India: An investigation of life-course models under a time-varying framework.

OBJECTIVES

The incidence of oral cancer has been rapidly increasing in India, calling for evidence contributing to a deeper understanding of its determinants. Although disadvantageous life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) is independently associated with the risk of these cancers, the explanatory mechanisms remain unclear. Possible pathways may be better understood by testing which life-course model most influences oral cancer risk. We estimated the association between life-course SEP and oral cancer risk under three life-course models: critical period, accumulation and social mobility.

METHODS

We recruited incident oral cancer cases (N = 350) and controls (N = 371) frequency-matched by age and sex from two main referral hospitals in Kozhikode, Kerala, India, between 2008 and 2012. We collected information on childhood (0-16 years), early adulthood (17-30 years) and late adulthood (above 30 years) SEP and behavioural factors along the life span using interviews and a life-grid technique. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the association between life-course SEP and oral cancer risk using inverse probability weighted marginal structural models.

RESULTS

Relative to an advantageous SEP in childhood and early adulthood, a disadvantageous SEP was associated with oral cancer risk [(OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.99, 3.81) and (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.79), respectively]. In addition, participants who were in a disadvantageous (vs advantageous) SEP during all three periods of life had an increased oral cancer risk (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 2.61, 9.06). The childhood to early adulthood social mobility model and overall life-course trajectories indicated strong influence of exposure to disadvantageous SEP in childhood on the risk for oral cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Using novel approaches to existing methods, our study provides empirical evidence that disadvantageous childhood SEP is critical for oral cancer risk in this population from Kerala, India.