GABAergic regulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion from the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis: immunocytochemical and physiological evidence.

alpha-MSH secretion from the amphibian pars intermedia is under inhibitory hypothalamic control, and the catecholamine dopamine is thought to be the physiological MSH release-inhibiting factor. In the present study we evaluated the possible role of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the regulation of the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis. Immunocytochemical staining with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase showed the presence of a rich GABAergic network in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Administration of GABA to superfused neurointermediate lobes caused a rapid and dose-dependent inhibition of basal release of MSH and immunoreactive endorphin. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that GABA gave a coordinate inhibition of the release of all peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin. In vivo administration of GABA resulted in almost complete pigment aggregation in dermal melanophores of both adults and larvae. Altogether, our results indicate that GABA is a physiologically important factor for regulation of the pars intermedia in Xenopus laevis.