The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas.
The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas.
J Voice. 2020 Jan;34(1):156.e5-156.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Aug 18.
To determine the social and stylistic correlates of vocal fry in a cappella performances.
A matched-guise experiment was used to measure listener evaluations of fry and non-fry guises.
Four singers, two male and two female, sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" with onset vocal fry. These recordings were used to create the two guises: (i) an unmodified recording with onset vocal fry on vowel-initial words and (ii) a recording in which the fry had been removed. In total, 253 participants listened to the recordings and evaluated the singers' social and stylistic attributes along a Likert scale, e.g., how confident, sexy, and sincere each singer sounded. A factor analysis was used to conflate correlated variables, and mixed effects linear regression models (n = 1,012) were fitted to each lone or joint factor to determine whether vocal fry significantly influenced listeners' responses to the singers.
Vocal fry significantly altered listener evaluations of the singers' sincerity/commitment, maturity/sophistication, naturalness, and confidence (P < 0.05). Unlike male singers, who were rated as significantly less sincere/committed with vocal fry, female singers were seen as more sincere/committed with vocal fry and younger listeners also found them less natural, suggesting vocal fry is associated with emotional intensity in female voices. Younger listeners perceived singers with fry as less mature/sophisticated, suggesting an association with youth. Finally, listeners with more musical training rated singers with fry as less confident, while less trained listeners did not exhibit this difference.
Listeners are highly attuned to vocal fry in music but respond to it differently based upon their age, musical training, and the singer's sex. Vocal fry is evaluated more positively among younger, less musically trained listeners, and it is better received in women's voices, suggesting that the use of fry strategically targets a specific audience, i.e., younger and less trained listeners, who interpret fry as a marker of youth and emotional earnestness. These findings show that a single stylistic feature like vocal fry can be imbued with multiple meanings depending on the singer and audience, and its use can serve to include or exclude particular listener groups.
确定无伴奏合唱表演中发声摩擦音的社会和文体相关因素。
使用匹配伪装实验来衡量听众对摩擦音和非摩擦音伪装的评价。
四位歌手，两位男性和两位女性，用起始发声摩擦音演唱“星光灿烂的旗帜”。这些录音被用来创建两种伪装：（i）在元音开头的单词上保留起始发声摩擦音的未修改录音，以及（ii）删除摩擦音的录音。共有 253 名参与者听录音，并根据李克特量表评估歌手的社会和文体属性，例如，每个歌手听起来多么自信、性感和真诚。使用因子分析合并相关变量，并为每个单独或联合因子拟合混合效应线性回归模型（n=1012），以确定发声摩擦音是否显著影响听众对歌手的反应。
发声摩擦音显著改变了听众对歌手真诚/承诺、成熟/世故、自然和自信的评价（P<0.05）。与使用发声摩擦音时被评为不那么真诚/承诺的男性歌手不同，女性歌手被认为更真诚/承诺，年轻听众也认为她们不那么自然，这表明发声摩擦音与女性声音中的情感强度有关。年轻听众认为带有发声摩擦音的歌手更不成熟/世故，表明与年轻有关。最后，具有更多音乐训练的听众认为带有发声摩擦音的歌手不那么自信，而训练较少的听众则没有表现出这种差异。
听众对音乐中的发声摩擦音非常敏感，但根据他们的年龄、音乐训练和歌手的性别，对发声摩擦音的反应不同。在年轻、音乐训练较少的听众中，发声摩擦音得到了更积极的评价，并且在女性声音中更受欢迎，这表明发声摩擦音的使用策略性地针对特定的听众群体，即年轻和训练较少的听众，他们将发声摩擦音解释为年轻和情感真挚的标志。这些发现表明，像发声摩擦音这样的单一风格特征可以根据歌手和听众赋予多种含义，并且其使用可以用来包括或排除特定的听众群体。
