Sullivan Margaret Wolan, Carmody Dennis P
Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, School of Nursing.
Soc Dev. 2018 Aug;27(3):586-600. doi: 10.1111/sode.12285. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
Approach behavior, defined as differences in behavior to an incentive event and anger at its removal, was assessed during contingency learning in 87 5-month-olds was related to maternal ratings of mastery behaviors at two years. Mothers reported on infants' concurrent temperament, as well as the occurrence of anger and tantrums, and their own anger at 12 months. Approach behavior was expected to predict persistence with objects and persistent motor behavior, but not negative reactions to failure. Negative reactions to failure were expected to be mediated by a distress-prone temperament. The moderating effect of maternal anger on these relations was also explored using conditional process regression models. Controlling for soothability, early approach behavior predicted toddlers' persistence, especially gross motor persistence, moderated by maternal anger. With more maternal anger, approach behavior and toddler's persistence were more strongly related. Distress to limits, infant anger at 12 months, and maternal anger were significantly correlated, but only infant anger was related to negative reactions to failure. Prior to six months, goal-directed behavior is related to later behavioral persistence, but maternal responses to child anger are an important contributor to this relation and by 12 months, infant anger directly predicts mastery frustration at two years.
趋近行为被定义为对激励事件的行为差异以及激励事件消除时的愤怒情绪，在对87名5个月大婴儿进行偶发学习期间对其进行了评估，该行为与婴儿两岁时母亲对其掌握行为的评分有关。母亲们报告了婴儿同时期的气质，以及愤怒和发脾气的情况，还有她们自己在12个月时的愤怒情绪。趋近行为预计能够预测对物体的坚持性和持续的运动行为，但不能预测对失败的负面反应。对失败的负面反应预计由易苦恼的气质所介导。还使用条件过程回归模型探讨了母亲愤怒对这些关系的调节作用。在控制了安抚性之后，早期趋近行为能够预测幼儿的坚持性，尤其是大肌肉运动的坚持性，且这种预测受到母亲愤怒情绪的调节。母亲的愤怒情绪越高，趋近行为与幼儿坚持性之间的关系就越强。对限制的苦恼、12个月时婴儿的愤怒以及母亲的愤怒显著相关，但只有婴儿的愤怒与对失败的负面反应有关。在6个月之前，目标导向行为与后期的行为坚持性有关，但母亲对孩子愤怒的反应是这种关系的一个重要因素，到12个月时，婴儿的愤怒直接预测两岁时的掌握挫折感。
