School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
J Environ Sci (China). 2018 Sep;71:2-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.018. Epub 2017 Oct 12.
To investigate the fog chemistry along the Yangtze River basin, a field observation experiment was performed from Shanghai to Wuhan during November 2015. Fifteen fog water samples were collected by using a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud water Collector (CASCC). The three-stage CASCC was mounted on the board of a ship. PH, electrical conductivity (EC), HO, HCHO, S(IV), ten inorganic ions, seven organicacids and sixteen trace metal elements were measured in this study. The pH of fog water samples ranged from weakly acidic (pH4.3) to weakly alkaline (pH7.05) and the EC ranged from 32.4 to 436.3μS/cm. The main cations in fog water were NH and Ca, accounting for 12.35% and 29.07% of those inorganic ions, respectively. In addition, SO and NO contributed to 25.52% and 12.93% to total anion concentrations respectively. Moreover, the dominant kinds of organicacids were formate and oxalate, occupying 45.28% and 28.03% of the total organicacids, respectively. For trace metal elements in fog samples, Al, Fe, Zn, and Ba revealed 34.6%, 16.4%, 19.3%, and 20.9% contributions to these sixteen trace element concentrations, respectively. The results indicated that pollutants were mainly from human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, steel-making, stone quarrying and sand digging. Besides, natural sources including natural background levels and long-range transport of sea salt particles also aggravated the pollution levels in the fog events along the Yangtze River.
为了研究长江流域的雾化学，我们于 2015 年 11 月在上海到武汉进行了实地观测实验。利用三段式加利福尼亚理工学院主动 Strand 云水收集器（CASCC）收集了 15 个雾水样本。三段式 CASCC 安装在船的甲板上。本研究测定了 pH 值、电导率（EC）、HO、HCHO、S（IV）、十种无机离子、七种有机酸和十六种痕量金属元素。雾水样品的 pH 值范围从弱酸性（pH4.3）到弱碱性（pH7.05），EC 值范围从 32.4 到 436.3μS/cm。雾水中的主要阳离子是 NH 和 Ca，分别占无机离子的 12.35%和 29.07%。此外，SO 和 NO 分别占总阴离子浓度的 25.52%和 12.93%。此外，有机酸的主要种类是甲酸盐和草酸盐，分别占总有机酸的 45.28%和 28.03%。对于雾样中的痕量金属元素，Al、Fe、Zn 和 Ba 分别占这些十六种痕量元素浓度的 34.6%、16.4%、19.3%和 20.9%。结果表明，污染物主要来自人类活动，包括化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧、炼钢、采石和采砂。此外，自然来源包括自然背景水平和海盐颗粒的长程传输，也加重了长江流域雾事件中的污染水平。
