The role of childhood trauma and stress reactivity for increased alcohol craving after induced psychological trauma: an experimental analogue study.

BACKGROUND

Traumatic events are associated with alcohol use problems with increased alcohol craving as a potential mediator. There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the causal nature of this association and its underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of acute trauma exposure on alcohol craving in healthy individuals considering the role of stress reactivity and childhood trauma (CT) using a laboratory randomized controlled design.

METHODS

Ninety-five healthy participants were randomly exposed to a trauma or a neutral film. History of CT, and pre- to post-film changes in craving (craving reactivity, CR), anxiety, skin conductance, heart rate, and saliva cortisol levels were assessed. Moreover, associations between trauma film exposure and CR, the moderating role of CT, and associations between CT, stress reactivity, and trauma-induced CR were analyzed.

RESULTS

Relative to the neutral film, the trauma film elicited an increase in CR in females but not in males. In males but not in females, the association between trauma film exposure and CR was moderated by CT, with trauma-induced CR increasing with the number of CT. In males, CT was related to decreased cortisol reactivity and increased heart rate and skin conductance response of which skin conductance was also associated with CR.

DISCUSSION

These findings provide further evidence for a causal link between traumatic experiences and CR. While this association seems to be stronger in females, males might still be at risk in case of other vulnerability factors such as CT, with altered sympathetic stress reactivity as a potential contributing mechanism.