Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Dec 15;228:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.018. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
Creation of protected areas to conserve biodiversity can have both positive and negative impacts, with impacts unequally distributed within local communities. A global shift towards local community involvement in protected area governance and co-management has aimed to reduce costs of protected area establishment and their uneven distribution. Yet, there is mixed evidence to support whether such initiatives are succeeding. Here, a protected area in Madagascar is used as a case study to explore how co-management governance processes impact upon livelihood strategies and outcomes, and how these impacts are distributed within and between villages. Focus groups, interviews and questionnaires were conducted in 2015/16 with households surrounding a protected area, co-managed by local community associations and a national NGO. Data analysis was framed around the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The majority of respondents perceived negative livelihood outcomes, and impacts were unevenly distributed between social groups. Respondents were more likely to report negative livelihood outcomes if they were from remote villages, poorer households and reliant on provisioning ecosystem services before protected area establishment. Qualitative data showed that the main drivers of this were protected area-related rules and regulations restricting forest activities. Drivers of improved livelihood outcomes were training and materials improving agricultural yields and increased community cohesion. Although co-managed protected areas may be overall more effective in meeting biological and socio-economic goals than protected areas of other governance types, the evidence here suggests that governance processes can lead to local perceptions of inequity.
保护生物多样性的保护区的建立可能会产生积极和消极的影响，而这些影响在当地社区内的分布是不均衡的。全球范围内越来越倾向于让当地社区参与保护区的治理和共同管理，以降低保护区建立的成本及其不均衡的分布。然而，对于这些举措是否成功，仍存在着不同的证据。在这里，马达加斯加的一个保护区被用作案例研究，以探讨共同管理治理过程如何影响生计策略和结果，以及这些影响在村庄内部和之间是如何分布的。2015/16 年，在由当地社区协会和一个国家非政府组织共同管理的保护区周围的家庭中进行了焦点小组、访谈和问卷调查。数据分析围绕着可持续生计框架进行。大多数受访者认为生计结果是负面的，而且影响在社会群体之间分布不均。如果受访者来自偏远村庄、贫困家庭，并且在保护区建立之前依赖于提供生态系统服务，那么他们更有可能报告负面的生计结果。定性数据表明，造成这种情况的主要原因是保护区相关的规则和法规限制了森林活动。生计结果得到改善的驱动因素是培训和材料，这些措施提高了农业产量并增强了社区凝聚力。尽管共同管理的保护区在实现生物和社会经济目标方面可能总体上比其他治理类型的保护区更有效，但这里的证据表明，治理过程可能导致当地人感到不公平。
