Rohwer Sievert, Rohwer Vanya G
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
PeerJ. 2018 Sep 7;6:e5499. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5499. eCollection 2018.
Molt summary tables reveal the sequence and mode of flight-feather replacement and how these feathers are divided into independent replacement series. Tables for summarizing molt are relatively new, and the rules for generating them were first formally illustrated using data from a temperate passerine. However, this first illustration failed to address (i) species with primaries divided into more than one replacement series, (ii) species with stepwise primary replacement, which almost always involves incomplete annual replacement of the primaries, and (iii) species with incomplete annual replacement within molt series characterized by single-wave replacement. Here, we review complications that arise in developing molt summary tables for such cases and we offer solutions that remove ambiguity about the direction that molt proceeds within a replacement series and about the recognition of nodal and terminal feathers that mark the beginning and end of molt series. We use these modified molt summary tables to describe the sequence of primary replacement in four groups of Gruiform birds, a group for which primary replacement has been reported to proceed from the outermost primary toward the body, unlike most other birds. Eighty molting Grey-winged Trumpeters, and 124 molting Limpkins, , show the sequence of primary replacement is proximal in both groups; furthermore, the primaries of trumpeters are divided into two replacement series, one beginning at the outermost primary P10, and the other beginning at P3. To further evaluate the extent of this highly unusual direction of replacement in Gruiforms, we cast the data (Stresemann & Stresemann, 1966) on primary replacement in upland rails (Rallidae) and flufftails (Sarothruridae) into molt summary tables; both also replace their primaries proximally, from outermost to innermost, suggesting that this mode of primary replacement may be characteristic of Gruiformes.
换羽总结表揭示了飞羽替换的顺序和方式，以及这些羽毛如何被划分为独立的替换系列。用于总结换羽情况的表格相对较新，生成这些表格的规则最初是使用一种温带鸣禽的数据正式说明的。然而，这首次说明未能解决以下问题：（i）初级飞羽分为多个替换系列的物种；（ii）初级飞羽逐步替换的物种，这种情况几乎总是涉及初级飞羽的不完全年度替换；（iii）在以单波替换为特征的换羽系列中存在不完全年度替换的物种。在这里，我们回顾了为这些情况编制换羽总结表时出现的复杂问题，并提供了解决方案，这些方案消除了关于换羽在替换系列中进行方向的模糊性，以及关于识别标志换羽系列开始和结束的节点羽和终端羽的模糊性。我们使用这些修改后的换羽总结表来描述四类秧鸡形鸟类初级飞羽替换的顺序，据报道，与大多数其他鸟类不同，这一类群的初级飞羽替换是从最外侧的初级飞羽向身体方向进行的。80只正在换羽的灰翅喇叭鸟和124只正在换羽的秧鹤显示，这两个类群的初级飞羽替换顺序都是从近端开始；此外，喇叭鸟的初级飞羽分为两个替换系列，一个从最外侧的初级飞羽P10开始，另一个从P3开始。为了进一步评估秧鸡形鸟类这种极不寻常的替换方向所涉及的范围，我们将关于高地秧鸡（秧鸡科）和毛腿沙锥（沙锥科）初级飞羽替换的数据（施特雷泽曼和施特雷泽曼，1966年）编制成换羽总结表；这两类鸟的初级飞羽也都是从最外侧向最内侧从近端开始替换，这表明这种初级飞羽替换模式可能是秧鸡形鸟类的特征。
