Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC 20560, USA.
Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR7205 (CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2019 Jan;130:18-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.016. Epub 2018 Sep 29.
The Tonnoidea is a moderately diverse group of large, predatory gastropods with ∼360 valid species. Known for their ability to secrete sulfuric acid, they use it to prey on a diversity of invertebrates, primarily echinoderms. Tonnoideans currently are classified in seven accepted families: the comparatively well known, shallow water Bursidae, Cassidae, Personidae, Ranellidae, and Tonnidae, and the lesser-known, deep water Laubierinidae and Pisanianuridae. We assembled a mitochondrial and nuclear gene (COI, 16S, 12S, 28S) dataset for ∼80 species and 38 genera currently recognized as valid. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated dataset recovered a monophyletic Tonnoidea, with Ficus as its sister group. Unexpectedly, Thalassocyon, currently classified in the Ficidae, was nested within the ingroup as the sister group to Distorsionella. Among currently recognized families, Tonnidae, Cassidae, Bursidae and Personidae were supported as monophyletic but the Ranellidae and Ranellinae were not, with Cymatiinae, Ranella and Charonia supported as three unrelated clades. The Laubierinidae and Pisanianuridae together form a monophyletic group. Although not all currently accepted genera have been included in the analysis, the new phylogeny is sufficiently robust and stable to the inclusion/exclusion of nonconserved regions to establish a revised family-level classification with nine families: Bursidae, Cassidae, Charoniidae, Cymatiidae, Laubierinidae, Personidae, Ranellidae, Thalassocyonidae and Tonnidae. The results reveal that many genera as presently circumscribed are para- or polyphyletic and, in some cases support the rescue of several genus-group names from synonymy (Austrosassia, Austrotriton, Laminilabrum, Lampadopsis, Personella, Proxicharonia, Tritonoranella) or conversely, support their synonymization (Biplex with Gyrineum). Several species complexes are also revealed that merit further investigation (e.g., Personidae: Distorsio decipiens, D. reticularis; Bursidae: Bursa tuberosissima; Cassidae: Echinophoria wyvillei, Galeodea bituminata, and Semicassis bisulcata). Consequently, despite their teleplanic larvae, the apparently circumglobal distribution of some tonnoidean species is the result of excessive synonymy. The superfamily is estimated to have diverged during the early Jurassic (∼186 Ma), with most families originating during a narrow ∼20 My window in Albian-Aptian times as part of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.
砗磲目是一组相对多样化的大型掠食性腹足纲动物，约有 360 个有效物种。它们以分泌硫酸的能力而闻名，利用这种能力捕食各种无脊椎动物，主要是棘皮动物。砗磲目目前分为七个公认的科：相对知名的浅水域的骨螺科、宝贝科、海菊蛤科、马蹄螺科和唐冠螺科，以及不太知名的深海的 Laubierinidae 和 Pisanianuridae。我们为目前被认为有效的约 80 个种和 38 个属组装了一个线粒体和核基因（COI、16S、12S、28S）数据集。对串联数据集的贝叶斯分析恢复了一个单系的砗磲目，以 Ficus 为姐妹群。出乎意料的是，目前分类在宝贝科的 Thalassocyon 作为内群的姐妹群嵌套在 Distorsionella 中。在目前公认的科中，唐冠螺科、宝贝科、骨螺科和海菊蛤科被支持为单系，但马蹄螺科和马蹄螺亚科不是，Cymatiinae、Ranella 和 Charonia 被支持为三个不相关的分支。Laubierinidae 和 Pisanianuridae 一起形成一个单系群。尽管并非所有目前公认的属都包括在分析中，但新的系统发育足够稳健和稳定，可以包含/排除非保守区域，以建立一个修订的科级分类，包括 9 个科：骨螺科、宝贝科、Charoniidae、Cymatiidae、Laubierinidae、海菊蛤科、马蹄螺科、Thalassocyonidae 和唐冠螺科。结果表明，许多目前被界定的属是并系或多系的，在某些情况下，支持从同义词中挽救几个属群名称（Austrosassia、Austrotriton、Laminilabrum、Lampadopsis、Personella、Proxicharonia、Tritonoranella），或者相反，支持它们的同义词化（Biplex 与 Gyrineum）。还揭示了一些种复合体，值得进一步研究（例如，海菊蛤科：Distorsio decipiens、D. reticularis；骨螺科：Bursa tuberosissima；宝贝科：Echinophoria wyvillei、Galeodea bituminata 和 Semicassis bisulcata）。因此，尽管它们具有 teleplanic 幼虫，但一些砗磲目物种显然全球分布的原因是过度的同义词化。该超科估计在侏罗纪早期（约 1.86 亿年前）分化，大多数科起源于白垩纪-古近纪时期的一个狭窄的约 2000 万年的窗口，这是中生代海洋革命的一部分。
