Wittrock Julie, Duncan Colleen, Stephen Craig
1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
3 Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
J Wildl Dis. 2019 Apr;55(2):285-297. doi: 10.7589/2018-05-118. Epub 2018 Oct 5.
Our objectives were to establish if the determinant of health model used in the fields of human population and public health could be adapted to wildlife health; if it was applicable to more than one species; and if it reflected how fish and wildlife managers conceptualized health in practice. A conceptual model was developed using a scoping review on fish and wildlife health and resilience coupled with a participatory process with experts on barren ground caribou ( Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) and sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) health. Both the literature and experts supported the concept of wildlife health as a cumulative effect involving multiple factors that extend beyond the disease and pathogen focus of many wildlife health studies and legislation. Six themes were associated with fish and wildlife health: 1) the biologic endowment of the individual and population; 2) the animal's social environment; 3) the quality and abundance of the animal's needs for daily living; 4) the abiotic environment in which the animal lives; 5) sources of direct mortality; and 6) changing human expectations. These themes were shared between salmon and caribou and conformed to expert perceptions of health. Determinants of health used in human public health are used for planning, development of policy, and guiding of research. The model we produced may also have use as a wildlife health planning tool to help managers identify health protection priorities and to promote actions across the determinants of health.
我们的目标是确定人类人口与公共卫生领域所使用的健康决定因素模型是否能够适用于野生动物健康；该模型是否适用于多个物种；以及它是否反映了鱼类和野生动物管理者在实际工作中对健康的概念化理解。我们通过对鱼类和野生动物健康与恢复力进行范围界定审查，并与北极驯鹿（Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus）和红大马哈鱼（Oncorhynchus nerka）健康领域的专家开展参与式进程，开发了一个概念模型。文献和专家均支持将野生动物健康视为一种累积效应的概念，这种效应涉及多个因素，超越了许多野生动物健康研究和立法所关注的疾病和病原体范畴。有六个主题与鱼类和野生动物健康相关：1）个体和种群的生物禀赋；2）动物的社会环境；3）动物日常生活需求的质量和丰富程度；4）动物生存的非生物环境；5）直接死亡来源；6）不断变化的人类期望。这些主题在大马哈鱼和驯鹿之间具有共性，且符合专家对健康的认知。人类公共卫生领域所使用的健康决定因素可用于规划、政策制定和研究指导。我们构建的模型也可作为野生动物健康规划工具，帮助管理者确定健康保护重点，并推动针对健康决定因素采取行动。
