Comparative analysis of two mitochondrial genomes of flesh flies (Sarcophaga antilope and Sarcophaga dux) with phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for Sarcophagidae.

The complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two flesh flies (Sarcophaga antilope Bottcher and Sarcophaga dux Thomson) are amplified, sequenced, annotated, analyzed, and compared with 13 other species of the family Sarcophagidae. The mitogenomes of S. antilope and S. dux are 15,196 bp and 15,731 bp long, respectively, and each contains the typical set of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes) and a non-coding control region with identical gene arrangement as typical arthropod mitogenome. The phylogenetic trees inferred from Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis for 15 sarcophagid and five outgroup taxa are congruent, both not supporting the monophyly of Sarcophagidae but supporting the subfamily Sarcophaginae as a monophyletic group and the tribal relationship "Boettcheriini + (Raviniini + (Parasacophagini + Sarcophagini))". The molecular dating analyses indicate the Sarcophagidae was first divided within the Late Eocene epoch (35.52 million years ago (Mya), 95% high posterior density (HPD) interval: 26.70-45.01 Mya), and most Sarcophagini species diverged during the Miocene epoch (<17.09 Mya, 95% HPD: 10.76-24.36 Mya).