Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.
Berkeley Water Center , University of California Berkeley , 410 O'Brien Hall , Berkeley , California 94720-1718 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2018 Nov 6;52(21):12886-12894. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02389. Epub 2018 Oct 17.
Survey data from a comprehensive national survey of ∼34 000 households were analyzed for the mix status and transition trajectory of energy for boiling water in rural Chinese households from 1992 to 2012. In 1992, ∼6% of households reported using electricity, biogas, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to boil drinking water; in 2012, the proportion was ∼60%. Income per capita appeared most strongly associated with this transition toward electricity and other clean fuels. Median annual incomes for households using biomass fuels, electric kettles, and LPG were RMB 15 000, 28 000, and 30 000, respectively. Overall, the transition was most pronounced in eastern China, a region which experienced relatively higher rates of economic growth over the same 20-year period. Energy type preferences appear to be highly dependent on fuel accessibility such that coal and straw usage was higher in provinces with higher coal and grain production. These trends suggest that electric kettle use would likely increase from ∼29% (2012) to ∼60% by 2030, at which point <5% of rural households would be expected to boil with solid fuels. Recent evidence suggests that this transition could contribute to reductions in water-related gastrointestinal illness as well as reductions in air pollutant emissions in rural China.
对 1992 年至 2012 年期间中国农村家庭烧水能源的混合状况和转型轨迹进行了全面的全国性调查，对约 34000 户家庭的调查数据进行了分析。1992 年，约 6%的家庭报告用电、沼气或液化石油气（LPG）烧水；2012 年，这一比例约为 60%。人均收入似乎与向电力和其他清洁能源的这种转变关系最密切。使用生物质燃料、电水壶和 LPG 的家庭的年中位数收入分别为 15000 元、28000 元和 30000 元。总的来说，这种转变在经济增长速度相对较高的东部地区最为明显。能源类型偏好似乎高度依赖燃料的可获得性，因此在煤炭和粮食产量较高的省份，煤炭和秸秆的使用量更高。这些趋势表明，到 2030 年，电水壶的使用比例可能会从 2012 年的约 29%增加到 60%，届时预计不到 5%的农村家庭将使用固体燃料烧水。最近的证据表明，这种转变可能有助于减少与水有关的胃肠道疾病以及减少中国农村地区的空气污染物排放。
