LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, Marseille, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 2):2364-2373. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.012. Epub 2018 Oct 2.
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) are massively produced chemicals that comprise a wide range of industrial and household applications. The presence of cyclic and linear VMSs in several environmental matrices and ecosystems indicates persistence associated with a potential of (bio)accumulation and food web transfer with possible toxicological effects. Due to the high anthropogenic pressure in its vicinities particularly in summer, coastal areas in Southern European countries are potential hotspots for the presence of VMSs. The massive afflux of tourists and consequent increase of the use of personal care products (PCPs) with VMSs in their formulations highlight the importance of VMSs assessment in such areas. In this study, different species of marine vegetation (algae and seaweed) were collected in three different geographical areas, covering the Atlantic Ocean (North coast of Portugal), as well as the Mediterranean Sea (coasts of the Region of Murcia, Spain and of the city of Marseille, France). Samples were analysed for the determination of 4 cyclic (D3, D4, D5, D6) and 3 linear (L3, L4, L5) VMSs employing a QuEChERS extraction methodology, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) quantification. VMSs were detected in 92% of the 74 samples analysed, with the sum of the concentrations per sample ranging from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 458 ± 26 ng·g (dry weight). A strong predominance of cyclic VMSs over linear ones was verified in almost all samples studied, with D5 and D6 found at higher concentrations. Seasonal variation was also assessed and despite higher levels of VMSs being identified mostly in summer months, clear seasonal trends were not perceived. It was also noted that generally the higher incidence of VMSs occurred in samples from urban and industrialized areas or in the vicinities of WWTPs, suggesting a direct input from these sources in the levels of siloxanes observed.
挥发性甲基硅氧烷（VMSs）是大量生产的化学品，广泛应用于工业和家庭。在几种环境基质和生态系统中都存在环状和线性 VMSs，这表明它们具有持久性，并且可能具有（生物）积累和食物链传递的潜力，还可能具有毒理学效应。由于其附近地区，特别是在夏季，存在很高的人为压力，因此南欧国家的沿海地区可能是 VMSs 存在的热点地区。大量游客涌入，以及个人护理产品（PCPs）中含有 VMSs 的使用量增加，突出了评估这些地区 VMSs 的重要性。在这项研究中，在三个不同的地理区域采集了不同种类的海洋植被（藻类和海藻），这些区域涵盖了大西洋（葡萄牙北部海岸）以及地中海（西班牙穆尔西亚地区和法国马赛市的海岸）。采用 QuEChERS 提取方法对这些样本进行分析，以测定 4 种环状（D3、D4、D5、D6）和 3 种线性（L3、L4、L5）VMSs，然后通过气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）进行定量。在分析的 74 个样本中，有 92%检测到 VMSs，每个样本的浓度总和从低于检测限（LOD）到 458±26ng·g（干重）不等。在几乎所有研究的样本中，都发现环状 VMSs 明显多于线性 VMSs，其中 D5 和 D6 的浓度较高。还评估了季节性变化，尽管在夏季月份中发现了更高水平的 VMSs，但并未察觉到明显的季节性趋势。还注意到，一般来说，在来自城市和工业化地区或在 WWTP 附近的样本中，VMSs 的发生率更高，这表明这些来源直接影响了观察到的硅氧烷水平。
