Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, 29290 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, Adaptación Humana y Manejo de Recursos Naturales en Ecosistemas Tropicales, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2(a), Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Jan 15;230:392-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.055. Epub 2018 Oct 5.
There is increasing recognition that ecosystems and their services need to be managed at landscape scale and greater. The development of landscape-scale conservation strategies need to incorporate information from multiple sources. In this study, we combine various research tools to link landscape patterns with production units and systems in the Usumacinta River Basin, and inform the discussion of key questions around decision-making related to conservation action and policy in Southern Mexico. A typology based on policy-relevant farmer characteristics (land tenure, farm size, source of income, farming system) differentiated between farmers (traditional vs. cattle ranching) with different motivations that determine how management affects landscape configuration. Five main types of traditional farming systems were identified that combine different forms of land use and vary in their degree of land intensification. Major fragmentation and decrease in connectivity coincided spatially with floodplains dominated by large-scale commercial farms that specialize in livestock production. Traditional practices within large units with low-sloped high quality land were also seen to be intensive; however the presence of trees was notable throughout these units. Policies that promote livestock farming are among the principle causes motivating deforestation. Land intensification by traditional farmers decreased as the landscape became increasingly rugged. Traditional farmers are the focus of initiatives developed by the Biological Corridor project which seeks to increase forest cover and landscape connectivity. These initiatives have shown high levels of rural participation (10,010 farmers benefited from 27,778 projects involving 95,374 ha of land) and acceptance (producers carried out more than one project and several types of projects during the first eight years of work). Strong action is still required to take on the segment of large-scale ranchers. Changes in the structure of land tenure over the past decade are highlighted that could have a profound impact on conservation policies and programs.
人们越来越认识到，需要在更大的景观尺度上管理生态系统及其服务。制定景观尺度的保护策略需要整合来自多个来源的信息。在这项研究中，我们结合了各种研究工具，将景观格局与危地马拉乌苏马辛塔河流域的生产单位和系统联系起来，并为讨论与墨西哥南部保护行动和政策相关的关键问题提供信息。基于与政策相关的农民特征（土地保有权、农场规模、收入来源、耕作制度）的分类法，区分了具有不同动机的农民（传统与养牛业），这些动机决定了管理如何影响景观配置。确定了五种主要的传统农业系统类型，这些系统结合了不同形式的土地利用，并在土地集约化程度上有所不同。主要的破碎化和连通性下降与以牲畜生产为专业的大规模商业农场为主的洪泛平原空间上相吻合。在具有低坡度高质量土地的大型单位内实施的传统做法也被认为是集约化的；然而，这些单位内都有大量的树木。促进畜牧业发展的政策是导致森林砍伐的主要原因之一。随着景观变得越来越崎岖，传统农民的土地集约化程度降低。传统农民是生物走廊项目发展计划的重点，该计划旨在增加森林覆盖和景观连通性。这些倡议显示了高度的农村参与度（10010 名农民从涉及 95374 公顷土地的 27778 个项目中受益）和接受度（生产者在八年的工作中开展了一个以上的项目和几种类型的项目）。仍然需要采取强有力的行动来应对大型牧场主的问题。过去十年中土地保有权结构的变化可能对保护政策和计划产生深远影响。
