Design and implementation of novel hyperspectral imaging for dental carious early detection using laser induced fluorescence.

Early detection of carious is vital for demineralization reversal, offering less pain, as well as precise carious removal. In this study, the difference in optical properties of normal tissue and human carious lesion has been used for early diagnosis, using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The optical system consists of light source in visible band and hyperspectral camera, associated with designed digital image processing algorithm. The human tooth sample was illuminated with visible band sources at 488, and 514 nm with energy of 5 m watt. The reflected and emitted light from the tested sample was captured using hyperspectral camera in an attempt to generate multispectral images (cubic image). The variation of reflected and emitted energy as function of wavelength was employed to generate characteristic spectrum of each tooth tissue. Human teeth carious tissue lesion releases its excess energy by emitting fluorescence light producing chemical footprint signature; this signature is dependent on the elemental composition of tooth elements and carious state. This non-invasive, non-contact and non-ionizing imaging system with associated novel pattern recognition algorithm was employed to diagnose and classify different carious types and stages. It was reported that the perceived fluorescence emission is function of the illuminating wavelength. While enamel and dentin carious were distinguished and characterized at 514 nm illuminating wavelength; white spot lesion were contoured and recognized at 488 nm. Therefore, full recognition could be achieved through generated cubic image after sample irradiation at 488 nm and 514 nm. In conclusion, this study reports on a customized optical image system that can offer high sensitivity, high resolution, and early carious detection with optimum performance at 514 nm and 488 nm.