Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Dec;25(35):35200-35209. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3424-x. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Energy is one of the essential resources for human life and mainly classified as non-renewable resources. Since huge amounts of energy are consumed in the agriculture sector, an energy audit is an essential strategy in countries. Conservation agriculture as a tool for sustainable development can lead to saving agricultural resources. In the current investigation, energy audit for wheat conservation and conventional production systems was performed. For this purpose, 48 farms were selected randomly in 2016, and their energy performance was evaluated and compared. The data were analyzed to calculate energy parameters. Also, data envelopment analysis technique was used to identify the possible ways to achieve higher efficiency in farms. To this end, current and optimum situations and saving energy in different cultivation systems were determined using Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model. The research results showed that the average energy ratio, net energy gain, specific energy, and energy productivity for conservation farms were 4.31, 137,656 MJ ha, 5.56 MJ kg, and 0.18 kg MJ, respectively. Corresponded values for conventional farms were measured to be 3.03, 90,101 MJ ha, 7.69 MJ kg, and 0.13 kg MJ, respectively. Data envelopment analysis results revealed that the highest saving energy in conventional system belongs to diesel fuel and irrigation inputs, and the least amount of energy saving was seen in human labor input. While for the conservation system, the highest and the least amount of energy saving belongs to nitrogen and human labor, respectively.
能源是人类生活的基本资源之一，主要分为不可再生资源。由于农业部门消耗了大量的能源，因此能源审计是国家的一项重要战略。作为可持续发展工具的保护性农业可以节约农业资源。在当前的调查中，对小麦保护和常规生产系统进行了能源审计。为此，于 2016 年随机选择了 48 个农场，并对其能源性能进行了评估和比较。分析数据以计算能源参数。此外，还使用数据包络分析技术来确定提高农场效率的可能方法。为此，使用 Charnes、Cooper 和 Rhodes（CCR）模型确定了不同耕作系统中的当前和最优情况以及节能情况。研究结果表明，保护性农场的平均能源比、净能源增益、比能和能源生产力分别为 4.31、137656 MJ ha、5.56 MJ kg 和 0.18 kg MJ。常规农场的相应值分别为 3.03、90101 MJ ha、7.69 MJ kg 和 0.13 kg MJ。数据包络分析结果表明，常规系统中节约能源最多的是柴油燃料和灌溉投入，而节约能源最少的是人力投入。而对于保护系统，氮和人力的节约能源量最高和最低。
