Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 20;652:1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.191. Epub 2018 Oct 15.
Industrial processes, coal combustion, biomass burning (BB), and vehicular transport are important sources of atmospheric fine particles (PM) and contribute to ambient air concentrations of health-hazardous species, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAH). In China, emission controls have been implemented to improve air quality during large events, like the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in August 2014 in Nanjing. In this work, six measurement campaigns between January 2014 and August 2015 were undertaken in Nanjing to determine the effects of emission controls and meteorological factors on PM concentration and composition. PAHs, OPAHs, hopanes, n‑alkanes, heavy metals, and several other inorganic elements were measured. PM and potassium concentrations were the highest in May-June 2014 indicating the prevalence of BB plumes in Nanjing. Emission controls substantially reduced concentrations of PM (31%), total PAHs (59%), OPAHs (37%), and most heavy metals (44-89%) during the YOG compared to August 2015. In addition, regional atmospheric transport and meteorological parameters partly explained the observed differences between the campaigns. The most abundant PAHs and OPAHs were benzo[b,k]fluoranthenes, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, 1,8‑naphthalic anhydride, and 9,10‑anthracenedione in all campaigns. Carbon preference index and the contribution of wax n‑alkanes indicated mainly biogenic sources of n‑alkanes in May-June 2014 and anthropogenic sources in the other campaigns. Hopane indexes pointed to vehicular transport as the major source of hopanes, but contribution of coal combustion was detected in winter 2015. The results provide evidence to the local government of the impacts of the air protection regulations. However, differences between individual components were observed, e.g., concentrations of potentially more harmful OPAHs decreased less than concentrations of PAHs. The results suggest that the proportions of hazardous components in the PM may also change considerably due to emission control measures.
工业过程、煤炭燃烧、生物质燃烧（BB）和交通车辆是大气细颗粒物（PM）的重要来源，并导致环境空气中存在健康危害物质，如重金属、多环芳烃（PAH）和含氧多环芳烃（OPAH）。在中国，为了在大型活动（如 2014 年 8 月在南京举行的青年奥林匹克运动会（YOG））期间改善空气质量，已经实施了排放控制措施。在这项工作中，于 2014 年 1 月至 2015 年 8 月在南京进行了六次测量活动，以确定排放控制措施和气象因素对 PM 浓度和组成的影响。测量了 PAHs、OPAHs、藿烷、正烷烃、重金属和其他几种无机元素。2014 年 5 月至 6 月期间 PM 和钾浓度最高，表明南京存在生物质燃烧羽流。与 2015 年 8 月相比，YOG 期间排放控制措施使 PM（31%）、总 PAHs（59%）、OPAHs（37%）和大多数重金属（44-89%）的浓度大幅降低。此外，区域大气传输和气象参数部分解释了各活动之间观察到的差异。在所有活动中，丰度最高的 PAHs 和 OPAHs 是苯并[b,k]荧蒽、荧蒽、芘、屈、1,8-萘二甲酸酐和 9,10-蒽二酮。在 2014 年 5 月至 6 月的所有活动中，碳偏好指数和蜡质正烷烃的贡献表明正烷烃主要来自生物源，而在其他活动中则来自人为源。藿烷指数表明，车辆运输是藿烷的主要来源，但在 2015 年冬季检测到了煤炭燃烧的贡献。研究结果为当地政府提供了空气保护法规影响的证据。然而，观察到个别成分之间存在差异，例如，潜在更有害的 OPAHs 浓度的降低幅度小于 PAHs 浓度。结果表明，由于排放控制措施，PM 中有害成分的比例也可能发生很大变化。
