Water transport properties of root cells contribute to salt tolerance in halophytic grasses Poa juncifolia and Puccinellia nuttalliana.

Plant water uptake and aquaporin-mediated root water transport are among the most salt-sensitive processes in most plants, but even relatively high salt concentrations do not appear to impair water transport processes in halophytes. To develop better understanding of these processes in halophytic plants, we compared the responses to NaCl of the two halophytic grasses varying in salt tolerance, Puccinellia nuttalliana and Poa juncifolia, with the glycophytic grass Poa pratensis. The plants were hydroponically grown and subjected to different NaCl concentrations for up to 10 days. At the lower NaCl concentrations, shoot and root dry weights were drastically reduced in Poa pratensis, but increased in Puccinellia nuttalliana and Poa juncifolia. The examined treatment concentrations of up to 300 mM NaCl had either no effect (Puccinellia nuttalliana) or little effect (Poa juncifolia) on the net photosynthesis and transpiration rates in plants, but severely decreased the gas exchange parameters in Poa pratensis. Similarly, to growth and gas exchange, leaf water content in Puccinellia nuttalliana was not affected even by the highest, 300 mM NaCl concentration, while Poa pratensis showed decreased shoot water content in all examined NaCl treatments and Poa juncifolia in 150 and 300 mM NaCl. Cell hydraulic conductivity in roots of Poa pratensis also showed high sensitivity to NaCl and was drastically reduced in all examined NaCl concentrations. Cell hydraulic conductivity in Poa juncifolia roots was less affected by NaCl compared with Poa pratensis and in Puccinellia nuttalliana, cell hydraulic conductivity increased in response to NaCl treatments. Both Puccinellia nuttalliana and Poa juncifolia accumulated less Na in their shoot tissues compared with Poa pratensis. The concentrations of K in the roots of Poa pratensis sharply decreased with increasing NaCl treatment concentrations while in Puccinellia nuttalliana, K root concentrations remained high in all NaCl treatments and in Poa juncifoila, root K decreased only in the 300 mM NaCl treatment. Since K efflux from the cytoplasm can contribute to the acidification of the cytoplasm, this process could potentially lead to the inhibition of aquaporin function and reduction of root hydraulic conductivity. The, significance of stable K root concentrations in the roots of halophytes should be further investigated as a possible salt tolerance mechanism that could contribute to the maintenance of aquaporin function and root water transport under salt stress conditions.