Kartout-Benmessaoud Yasmine, Ladjali-Mohammedi Kafia
University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team of Developmental Genetics. USTHB, PO box 32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16110 Algiers, Algeria University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene Bab-Ezzouar Algeria.
University of Bejaia, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Department of Physico-Chemical Biology, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria University of Bejaia Bejaia Algeria.
Comp Cytogenet. 2018 Oct 16;12(4):445-470. doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i4.27341. eCollection 2018.
The Common quail Linnaeus, 1758 is a wild migratory bird which is distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, everywhere with an accelerating decline in population size. This species is protected by the Bonn and Berne conventions (1979) and by annex II/1 of the Birds Directive (2009). In Algeria, its breeding took place at the hunting centre in the west of the country. Breeding errors caused uncontrolled crosses between the Common quail and Japanese quail Temminck & Schlegel, 1849. In order to help to preserve the natural genetic heritage of the Common quail and to lift the ambiguity among the populations of quail raised in Algeria, it seemed essential to begin to describe the chromosomes of this species in the country since no cytogenetic study has been reported to date. Fibroblast cultures from embryo and adult animal were initiated. Double synchronization with excess thymidine allowed us to obtain high resolution chromosomes blocked at prometaphase stage. The karyotype and the idiogram in GTG morphological banding (G-bands obtained with trypsin and Giemsa) corresponding to larger chromosomes 1-12 and ZW pair were thus established. The diploid set of chromosomes was estimated as 2N=78. Cytogenetic analysis of expected hybrid animals revealed the presence of a genetic introgression and cellular chimerism. This technique is effective in distinguishing the two quail taxa. Furthermore, the comparative chromosomal analysis of the two quails and domestic chicken Linnaeus, 1758 has been conducted. Differences in morphology and/or GTG band motifs were observed on 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 and W chromosomes. Neocentromere occurrence was suggested for Common quail chromosome 1 and Chicken chromosomes 4 and W. Double pericentric inversion was observed on the Common quail chromosome 2 while pericentric inversion hypothesis was proposed for Chicken chromosome 8. A deletion on the short arm of the Common quail chromosome 7 was also found. These results suggest that Common quail would be a chromosomally intermediate species between Chicken and Japanese quail. The appearance of only a few intrachromosomal rearrangements that occurred during evolution suggests that the organization of the genome is highly conserved between these three galliform species.
普通鹌鹑（Linnaeus，1758）是一种野生候鸟，分布于欧亚大陆和北非，其种群数量在各地都呈加速下降趋势。该物种受《波恩公约》和《伯尔尼公约》（1979年）以及《鸟类指令》附件II/1（2009年）的保护。在阿尔及利亚，其繁殖活动曾在该国西部的狩猎中心进行。繁殖过程中的失误导致了普通鹌鹑与日本鹌鹑（Temminck & Schlegel，1849）之间出现了不受控制的杂交。为了有助于保护普通鹌鹑的自然遗传遗产，并消除阿尔及利亚养殖的鹌鹑种群之间的模糊性，鉴于目前尚无细胞遗传学研究报道，在该国开始对该物种的染色体进行描述显得至关重要。我们启动了来自胚胎和成体动物的成纤维细胞培养。通过过量胸腺嘧啶核苷进行双重同步化处理，使我们能够获得处于早中期阶段阻滞的高分辨率染色体。由此建立了与较大染色体1 - 12以及ZW染色体对相对应的GTG形态带型（用胰蛋白酶和吉姆萨染色获得的G带）的核型和染色体模式图。估计染色体二倍体数为2N = 78。对预期杂交动物的细胞遗传学分析揭示了基因渗入和细胞嵌合体的存在。这项技术在区分这两种鹌鹑分类群方面是有效的。此外，还对两种鹌鹑和家鸡（Linnaeus，1758）进行了比较染色体分析。在1、2、4、7、8号染色体和W染色体上观察到了形态和/或GTG带基序的差异。有人提出普通鹌鹑的1号染色体以及鸡的4号和W染色体存在新着丝粒。在普通鹌鹑的2号染色体上观察到了双着丝粒倒位，而对于鸡的8号染色体则提出了着丝粒倒位假说。还发现普通鹌鹑7号染色体短臂存在缺失。这些结果表明，普通鹌鹑在染色体方面可能是家鸡和日本鹌鹑之间的中间物种。进化过程中仅出现了少数染色体内重排，这表明这三种鸡形目物种之间的基因组组织高度保守。
