Weak population structure of the Spot-tail shark and the Blacktip shark along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, and South Africa.

The increase in demand for shark meat and fins has placed shark populations worldwide under high fishing pressure. In the Arabian region, the spot-tail shark and the Blacktip shark are among the most exploited species. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structure of ( = 327) along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula and of ( = 525) along the Arabian coasts, Pakistan, and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, using microsatellite markers (15 and 11 loci, respectively). Our findings support weak population structure in both species exhibited a fine structure, subdividing the area into three groups. The first group comprises all samples from Bahrain, the second from the UAE and Yemen, and the third from Oman. Similarly, exhibited population subdivision into three groups. The first group, comprising samples from Bahrain and Kuwait, was highly differentiated from the second and third groups, comprising samples from Oman, Pakistan, the UAE, and Yemen; and South Africa and the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, respectively. Population divisions were supported by pairwise values and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), but not by STRUCTURE. We suggest that the mostly low but significant pairwise values in our study are suggestive of fine population structure, which is possibly attributable to behavioral traits such as residency in and site fidelity and philopatry in . However, for all samples obtained from the northern parts of the Gulf (Bahrain and/or Kuwait) in both species, the higher but significant pairwise values could possibly be a result of founder effects during the Tethys Sea closure. Based on DAPC and results, we suggest each population to be treated as independent management unit, as conservation concerns emerge.