Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.
Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Jan;96:272-289. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
Fatigue and workplace sleepiness are consequences of modern industrial society. Fatigue is a complex biological phenomenon that occurs as a function of time awake, time-of-day, workload, health, and off-duty lifestyle. Fatigue is a function of two major biological factors - the homeostatic drive for sleep and circadian rhythm of sleepiness. The greatest cause of fatigue is insufficient or disrupted sleep. Excessive sleepiness in the workplace and on highways is a serious safety hazard, and insufficient or disrupted sleep results in numerous accidents and adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based strategies that promote better sleep and optimize work/rest schedules can mitigate the impact of fatigue and sleep loss. Proper nap and sleep scheduling, work breaks, modeling and monitoring tools, fatigue detection technologies, and pharmacological countermeasures can be implemented at home and/or in the workplace to reduce performance and safety hazards. Education about obtaining adequate sleep, the dangers of fatigue in terms of both health and cognitive consequences, and the availability of scientifically-proven sleep-enhancement and alertness-management strategies is essential.
疲劳和工作场所嗜睡是现代工业社会的后果。疲劳是一种复杂的生物现象,它是作为清醒时间、一天中的时间、工作量、健康和下班生活方式的函数而发生的。疲劳是两个主要生物因素的函数——睡眠的内稳态驱动和睡眠的昼夜节律。疲劳的最大原因是睡眠不足或睡眠中断。工作场所和高速公路上过度嗜睡是严重的安全隐患,而睡眠不足或中断会导致许多事故和不良的身心健康后果。基于证据的策略可以促进更好的睡眠和优化工作/休息时间表,从而减轻疲劳和睡眠不足的影响。适当的小睡和睡眠安排、工作休息、建模和监测工具、疲劳检测技术以及药理学对策可以在家中和/或工作场所实施,以降低性能和安全隐患。关于获得充足睡眠的教育,以及疲劳在健康和认知后果方面的危险,以及科学证明的睡眠增强和警觉性管理策略的可用性,都是至关重要的。