a Doctoral Program in Sciences of Natural Resources , Universidad de La Frontera , Temuco , Chile.
b Chemical Engineering Department , Universidad de La Frontera , Temuco , Chile.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2019 Mar;39(2):157-172. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1523865. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Metal nanoparticles and metal oxides nanoparticles (MNPs/MONPs) have been widely included in a great diversity of products and industrial applications and they are already a part of our everyday life. According to estimation studies, their production is expected to increase exponentially in the next few years. Consequently, soil has been suggested as the main sink of MNPs/MONPs once they are deliberately or accidentally released into the environment. The potential negative perturbations that may result on soil microbial communities and ecological processes are resulting in concerns. Several nano-toxicological studies of MNPs/MONPs, reported so far, have focused on aquatic organisms, animals, and soil invertebrates. However, during recent years, the studies have been oriented to understand the effects of MNPs/MONPs on microbial communities and their interaction with soil components. The studies have suggested that MNPs/MONPs are one of the most toxic type to soil biota, amongst different types of nanomaterials. This may threaten soil health and fertility, since microbial communities are known to support important biological processes and ecosystem services such as the nutrient cycling, whereby their protection against the environmental pollution is imperative. Therefore, in this review we summarize the actual knowledge available from the last five years (2013-2018) and gaps about the potential negative, positive or neutral effects produced on soil by different classes of MNPs/MONPs. A particular emphasis has been placed on the associated soil microorganisms and biological processes. Finally, perspectives about future research are discussed.
金属纳米粒子和金属氧化物纳米粒子（MNPs/MONPs）已广泛应用于各种产品和工业应用中，它们已经成为我们日常生活的一部分。根据估计研究，预计在未来几年内，它们的产量将呈指数级增长。因此，一旦 MNPs/MONPs 被故意或意外释放到环境中，土壤被认为是它们的主要归宿。它们可能对土壤微生物群落和生态过程产生的潜在负面影响引起了人们的关注。迄今为止，已有一些关于 MNPs/MONPs 的纳米毒理学研究集中在水生生物、动物和土壤无脊椎动物上。然而，近年来，研究的重点已转向了解 MNPs/MONPs 对微生物群落的影响及其与土壤成分的相互作用。研究表明，MNPs/MONPs 是不同类型纳米材料中对土壤生物群最具毒性的类型之一。这可能会威胁到土壤的健康和肥力，因为微生物群落已知支持着重要的生物过程和生态系统服务，如养分循环，因此保护它们免受环境污染是至关重要的。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了过去五年（2013-2018 年）的现有知识，并讨论了不同类型的 MNPs/MONPs 对土壤可能产生的负面、正面或中性影响的空白。特别强调了相关的土壤微生物和生物过程。最后，讨论了未来研究的前景。
