Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA.
Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2018 Dec;262:39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.10.004. Epub 2018 Oct 24.
In this review, a brief history and current state-of-the-art is given to stimulate the rational design of new microbubbles through the reverse engineering of current ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). It is shown that an effective microbubble should be biocompatible, echogenic and stable. Physical mechanisms and engineering calculations have been provided to illustrate these properties and how they can be achieved. The reverse-engineering design paradigm is applied to study current FDA-approved and commercially available UCAs. Given the sophistication of microbubble designs reported in the literature, rapid development and adoption of ultrasound device hardware and techniques, and the growing number of revolutionary biomedical applications moving toward the clinic, the field of Microbubble Engineering is fertile for breakthroughs in next-generation UCA technology. It is up to current and future microbubble engineers and clinicians to push forward with regulatory approval and clinical adoption of advanced UCA technologies in the years to come.
在这篇综述中，通过对当前超声造影剂（UCAs）的反向工程，简要介绍了其历史和最新进展，以激发新微泡的合理设计。结果表明，有效的微泡应该具有生物相容性、声致发光性和稳定性。提供了物理机制和工程计算来说明这些特性以及如何实现这些特性。反向工程设计范例应用于研究当前 FDA 批准和市售的 UCAs。鉴于文献中报道的微泡设计的复杂性、超声设备硬件和技术的快速发展和采用，以及越来越多的革命性生物医学应用向临床推进，微泡工程领域有望在下一代 UCA 技术方面取得突破。未来，当前和未来的微泡工程师和临床医生需要推动先进 UCA 技术的监管批准和临床应用。
