Upper molar morphology, homologies and evolutionary patterns of chinchilloid rodents (Mammalia, Caviomorpha).

Chinchilloidea are a clade of caviomorph rodents that includes seven living species, the Dinomyidae Dinomys branickii, the Chinchillidae Lagostomus maximus, two species of Chinchilla and three species of Lagidium. In addition, two extinct families are traditionally considered chinchilloids - Neoepiblemidae and Cephalomyidae. The phylogeny of the Chinchilloidea has so far not been well established and is based on partial analyses. Studying the anatomy and ontogeny of extinct and extant taxa, we propose homologies for the upper molars of Chinchilloidea for which these homologies have not been previously proposed: that is the Chinchillidae Prolagostomus, Lagostomus, Lagidium and Chinchilla, and the Neoepiblemidae Neoepiblema and Phoberomys. We identify patterns of occlusal simplification within Chinchilloidea and evaluate its importance in an evolutionary context. A phylogenetic analysis recovered Dinomyidae, Chinchillidae and Neoepiblemidae as clades. 'Cephalomyidae' have not been not recovered as a monophyletic group and 'cephalomyids' are closely related to Neoepiblemidae. Branisamys is not included within the Dinomyidae and appears to be a basal chinchilloid.