School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 100016, China.
State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
Plant Cell Rep. 2019 Jan;38(1):117-128. doi: 10.1007/s00299-018-2353-y. Epub 2018 Nov 17.
We found that ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2, and ApGGPPS3 can convert IPP and DMAPP to GGPP. ApGGPPS2 is probably involved in andrographolide biosynthesis. ApGGPPS3 may be responsible for the synthesis of the cytosolic GGPP. Andrographis paniculata is a traditional herb for the treatment of sore throat, flu, upper respiratory tract infections and other disorders. In A. paniculata, GGPP is not only the precursor of andrographolide and its primary bioactive compounds, but also the precursor of chlorophylls, carotenoids, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which are the biomolecules of photosynthesis, growth regulation and other physiological and ecological processes. In this study, four cDNAs (named ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2, ApGGPPS3 and ApGGPPS4) encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases from A. paniculata were putatively isolated. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these ApGGPPS are highly similar to the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases in other plants. Prokaryotic expression showed that ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2 and ApGGPPS3 could convert IPP and DMAPP to GGPP, although ApGGPPS4 lacks a similar function. The expression of ApGGPPS2 was similar as ApCPS2 under MeJA treatment, ApCPS2 involved in the biosynthesis pathway of andrographolide (Shen et al., Biotechnol Lett 38:131-137, 2016a), has been proven through Virus-induced Gene Siliencing (VIGS) (Shen et al., Acta Bot Boreal 36:17-22, 2016b), and the subcellular localization of ApGGPPS2 was shown to localize in the plastid, suggested that ApGGPPS2 could be the key synthase in the biosynthesis pathway of andrographolide. In addition, ApGGPPS3 was shown to localize in the cytoplasm, suggested that ApGGPPS3 may be responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic GGPP, which may participate in the synthesis of cytosolic oligoprenols as side chains to produce ubiquinone, dolichols or other isoprenoids, in the synthesis of polyisoprenoids, and in protein prenylation.
我们发现 ApGGPPS1、ApGGPPS2 和 ApGGPPS3 可以将 IPP 和 DMAPP 转化为 GGPP。ApGGPPS2 可能参与并参与了穿心莲内酯生物合成。ApGGPPS3 可能负责细胞质 GGPP 的合成。穿心莲是一种传统草药，用于治疗喉咙痛、流感、上呼吸道感染等疾病。在穿心莲中，GGPP 不仅是穿心莲内酯及其主要生物活性化合物的前体，也是叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、赤霉素和脱落酸的前体，这些都是光合作用、生长调节和其他生理和生态过程的生物分子。在这项研究中，从穿心莲中分离出了四个编码法呢基焦磷酸合酶的 cDNA（命名为 ApGGPPS1、ApGGPPS2、ApGGPPS3 和 ApGGPPS4）。生物信息学和系统发育分析表明，这些 ApGGPPS 与其他植物中的法呢基焦磷酸合酶高度相似。原核表达表明，ApGGPPS1、ApGGPPS2 和 ApGGPPS3 可以将 IPP 和 DMAPP 转化为 GGPP，尽管 ApGGPPS4 缺乏类似的功能。ApGGPPS2 的表达与 MeJA 处理下的 ApCPS2 相似，ApCPS2 参与了穿心莲内酯的生物合成途径（Shen 等人，Biotechnol Lett 38:131-137, 2016a），已通过病毒诱导基因沉默（VIGS）（Shen 等人，Acta Bot Boreal 36:17-22, 2016b）得到证实，并且 ApGGPPS2 的亚细胞定位被显示为定位于质体中，表明 ApGGPPS2 可能是穿心莲内酯生物合成途径中的关键合酶。此外，ApGGPPS3 被证明定位于细胞质中，表明 ApGGPPS3 可能负责细胞质 GGPP 的合成，这可能参与细胞质寡萜的合成作为侧链以产生泛醌、多萜醇或其他异戊二烯，在多萜烯的合成中，并在蛋白质 prenylation 中。
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