Francisco Michael A, Minson Christopher T
Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;156:193-209. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63912-7.00012-6.
Human skin is the interface between the human body and the environment. As such, human temperature regulation relies largely on cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor adjustments to appropriately thermoregulate. In particular, changes in skin blood flow can increase or decrease the convective heat transfer from internal tissues to the periphery where it can increase or prevent heat loss to the environment. Thermoregulatory control of the cutaneous vasculature is largely due to cutaneous sympathetic nerves. Sympathetic adrenergic nerves mediate vasoconstriction of the skin, similar to other vascular beds, whereas active vasodilator nerves in nonglabrous skin respond to changes in internal and peripheral temperatures and can profoundly increase skin blood flow. Activation of these vasodilator nerves is known as cutaneous active vasodilation and has been the subject of much recent research. This research has uncovered a highly complex system that involves the activation of multiple receptors and vasodilator pathways in a synergistic and sometimes redundant manner. This complexity and redundancy has left our understanding of cutaneous active vasodilation incomplete; however, the employment of new techniques and use of new pharmacologic agents have introduced many new insights into cutaneous active vasodilation.
人体皮肤是人体与环境之间的界面。因此，人体的体温调节在很大程度上依赖于皮肤血管舒缩和汗腺分泌调节来进行适当的体温调节。特别是，皮肤血流量的变化可增加或减少从内部组织到外周的对流热传递，在外周，这种热传递可增加或防止热量散失到环境中。皮肤血管系统的体温调节控制主要归因于皮肤交感神经。与其他血管床类似，交感肾上腺素能神经介导皮肤血管收缩，而非无毛皮肤中的活性血管舒张神经对内部和外周温度的变化作出反应，并可显著增加皮肤血流量。这些血管舒张神经的激活被称为皮肤主动血管舒张，并且是最近许多研究的主题。这项研究揭示了一个高度复杂的系统，该系统以协同且有时冗余的方式涉及多种受体和血管舒张途径的激活。这种复杂性和冗余性使得我们对皮肤主动血管舒张的理解并不完整；然而，新技术的应用和新药物的使用为皮肤主动血管舒张带来了许多新的见解。
