Tuning strain-induced γ-to-ε martensitic transformation of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys by introducing parent phase lattice defects.

In this study, we examined the effect of pre-existing dislocation structures in a face-centered cubic γ-phase on strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) to produce a hexagonal close-packed ε-phase in a hot-rolled biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The as-rolled microstructure was characterized by numerous dislocations as well as stacking faults and deformation twins. SIMT occurred just after macroscopic yielding in tensile deformation. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction line-profile analysis, we successfully captured the nucleation of ε-martensite during tensile deformation in terms of structural evolution in the surrounding γ-matrix: many dislocations that were introduced into the γ-matrix during the hot-rolling process were consumed to produce ε-martensite, together with strong interactions between dislocations in the γ-matrix. As a result, the SIMT behavior during tensile deformation was accelerated through the consumption of these lattice defects, and the nucleation sites for the SIMT ε-phase transformed into intergranular regions upon hot rolling. Consequently, the hot-rolled Co-Cr-Mo alloy simultaneously exhibited an enhanced strain hardening and a high yield strength. The results of this study suggest the possibility of a novel approach for controlling the γ → ε SIMT behavior, and ultimately, the performance of the alloy in service by manipulating the initial dislocation structures.