Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Adv Mar Biol. 2018;81:59-96. doi: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.006. Epub 2018 Nov 7.
A large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their heterocyclic analogues (N, S, O) are released to the marine environment from natural oil seeps, oil spills, bilge discharges and input of land-based sources. Many of these compounds are toxic and have a deleterious effect on marine biota. Nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils are typically present as cyclic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) and are generally classified into the two categories of nonbasic (N-PANHs) and basic compounds (B-PANHs). Chromatographic analyses of PANHs are easily to be interfered by other oil components without proper sample preparation prior to instrumental analysis. In this work, dual solid phase extraction columns of 3-(isocyanato)propyl-functionalized silica gel (Si-NCO) and silica gel were employed to efficiently separate both N-PANHs and B-PANHs from saturated and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons, which enable simultaneous accurate analyses of these groups with single sample preparation. Crude oils studied contain various concentrations of N-PANHs including carbazole, benzocarbazole and B-PANHs including quinolone, acridine and benzoacridine as well as their alkylated homologues. These compounds in light fuel and lubricating oil are generally not detected or are only in trace concentration, but have considerable abundance in heavy fuel oils. Crude oils from different sources and various petroleum products have their unique absolute concentrations and relative distribution patterns of PANHs. Chemical fingerprints of PANHs can provide valuable information for forensic oil spill identification and improve the understanding of the fate, behaviour and chemical degradation of spilled crude oil.
大量多环芳烃（PAHs）及其杂环类似物（N、S、O）从自然石油渗漏、溢油、舱底污水排放和陆地来源输入到海洋环境中。这些化合物中的许多都是有毒的，对海洋生物群有有害影响。原油中的含氮化合物通常以环状化合物的形式存在，如多环芳烃氮杂环（PANHs），通常分为非碱性（N-PANHs）和碱性化合物（B-PANHs）两类。未经适当的样品前处理，PANHs 的色谱分析很容易受到其他油成分的干扰。在这项工作中，采用 3-（异氰酸根）丙基官能化硅胶（Si-NCO）和硅胶的双固相萃取柱，从饱和和芳烃石油烃中有效地分离 N-PANHs 和 B-PANHs，从而能够在单个样品制备的基础上同时对这些基团进行准确分析。所研究的原油含有各种浓度的 N-PANHs，包括咔唑、苯并咔唑和 B-PANHs，包括喹啉、吖啶和苯并吖啶以及它们的烷基化同系物。这些化合物在轻质燃料油和润滑油中通常未被检测到或仅以痕量浓度存在，但在重燃料油中含量相当丰富。来自不同来源的原油和各种石油产品具有其独特的 PANHs 的绝对浓度和相对分布模式。PANHs 的化学指纹图谱可以为法医溢油识别提供有价值的信息，并有助于了解溢油原油的命运、行为和化学降解。
