Monsen E R, Cheney C L
University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1988 Sep;88(9):1047-65.
Most problems in practice may be addressed through research. To show the applicability of research to all areas of nutrition and dietetics, seven types of research designs are discussed in this article: qualitative research; case series and surveys--both categorized as descriptive research; and experimental design, quasiexperimental design, cohort (follow-up) studies, and case-control studies--the four of which are categorized as analytical research because each design tests hypotheses of causal relationships. Sample size, subject selection, and statistical analysis and interpretation are discussed as appropriate to each research design. Numerous examples are presented, along with the basic research designs. Each section and subsection is numbered so that the article can serve easily as a reference and its component parts can be accessed readily. Research provides answers to questions and, generally, raises further questions that future research can address. Among the benefits of well-designed research are answers to clearly stated research questions, useful comparisons between options, information to guide evaluations of protocols, and data to document and support one's professional activities and one's staff.
实践中的大多数问题都可以通过研究来解决。为了展示研究在营养与饮食学所有领域的适用性，本文讨论了七种研究设计类型：定性研究；病例系列和调查——二者均归类为描述性研究；以及实验设计、准实验设计、队列（随访）研究和病例对照研究——这四种被归类为分析性研究，因为每种设计都检验因果关系的假设。针对每种研究设计，酌情讨论了样本量、受试者选择以及统计分析与解读。文中给出了大量示例以及基本研究设计。每个章节和小节都编了号，以便本文能轻松用作参考文献，其组成部分也能方便查阅。研究为问题提供答案，并且通常会提出未来研究可以解决的更多问题。精心设计的研究的好处包括对明确提出的研究问题的答案、不同选项之间的有用比较、指导方案评估的信息以及记录和支持个人专业活动及员工的数据。
