a Veritox Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene , Sarasota , FL , USA.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2018 Sep;48(8):615-665. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1504276. Epub 2018 Nov 26.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as the safe replacements for the toxic and flammable refrigerants being used at that time. Subsequently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were also developed. In addition to refrigerant applications, they were used as foam blowing agents, as solvents and as propellants for many aerosols. In the 1970s and 1980s, concern developed about their environmental impact, specifically on stratospheric ozone depletion. Industry began to consider acceptable replacements. In 1987, many of the governments of the world came together and drafted the Montreal Protocol, calling upon Industry to initially phase out production of the CFCs and later HCFCs. Within 4 months of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, the 15 global major producers joined together to form the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which sponsored research into environmental effects and the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbons toxicity Testing, PAFT), which examined the toxicology of potential replacements for the CFCs and HCFCs. Nine replacements were identified by companies and, through this international cooperation; toxicology programs were designed, conducted, and evaluated without duplication of effort and testing; consequently these new products were introduced within less than 10 years. Indeed the Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most appropriate international treaty to phase-down HFCs. In 2016 the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set out a phase-down schedule for the consumption and production of HFCs. In order to reduce the consumption and emissions of high GWP HFCs. Recently lower GWP HFCs and very low GWP HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins and HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) have been introduced into a range of applications. Summaries of the toxicology profiles of some of the original CFCs and HCFCs, the replacements and the new post-PAFT replacements are described. The chemicals in this review include CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, HCFC 22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCF-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-245ea, HFC-245fa, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, and HCFO-1233zd.
氯氟碳化物（CFCs）于 20 世纪 30 年代被引入，作为当时使用的有毒和易燃制冷剂的安全替代品。随后，氢氯氟碳化物（HCFCs）也被开发出来。除了制冷剂应用外，它们还被用作泡沫发泡剂、溶剂和许多气溶胶的推进剂。20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代，人们开始关注它们对环境的影响，特别是对平流层臭氧消耗的影响。工业界开始考虑可接受的替代品。1987 年，世界上许多国家的政府齐聚一堂，起草了《蒙特利尔议定书》，呼吁工业界最初逐步淘汰 CFCs 的生产，后来又逐步淘汰 HCFCs 的生产。《蒙特利尔议定书》签署后仅 4 个月，全球 15 个主要生产国就联合成立了替代氟氯化碳环境可接受性研究（AFEAS），该组织赞助了对环境影响的研究和替代氟氯化碳毒性测试计划（PAFT），该计划审查了 CFCs 和 HCFCs 的潜在替代品的毒理学。各公司确定了 9 种替代品，通过这种国际合作，无需重复努力和测试，就设计、开展和评估了毒理学方案；因此，这些新产品在不到 10 年内就推出了。事实上，《蒙特利尔议定书》已被公认为逐步淘汰氟烷烃最适当的国际条约。2016 年，《蒙特利尔议定书》基加利修正案为氟烷烃的消费和生产设定了逐步淘汰时间表。为了减少高全球升温潜能值氟烷烃的消费和排放。最近，一些低全球升温潜能值氟烷烃和极低全球升温潜能值氢氟烯烃（HF0s）和氢氯氟烯烃（HCFOs）已被引入一系列应用中。本文介绍了一些原始 CFCs 和 HCFCs、替代品和新的 PAFT 后替代品的毒理学概况。本综述中的化学品包括 CFC-11、CFC-12、CFC-113、CFC-114、HCFC-22、HCFC-123、HCFC-124、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b、HCF-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-152a、HFC-245ea、HFC-245fa、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze 和 HCFO-1233zd。
