AlMatar Manaf, Makky Essam A, AlMandeal Husam, Eker Emel, Kayar Begüm, Var Işıl, Köksal Fatih
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia.
Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2019;12(2):83-104. doi: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial.
The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
结核分枝杆菌（Mtb）被认为是最具致病性的人类病原体之一。全球结核病死亡率约为200万，每年有800万至1000万新发病例。因此，开发预防活动性结核病的疫苗是当务之急。目前用于结核病管理的疫苗只能为儿童提供一定程度的针对脑膜炎、结核病和其他形式播散性结核病的保护；然而，它们对肺结核的有效性各不相同，且不能提供终身保护性免疫。基于这些原因，更多努力投入到新型结核病疫苗的研发中。在结核病疫苗研发过程中，一个主要挑战一直是结核病疫苗所含抗原和结核病患者免疫反应缺乏多样性。目前的努力集中在扩大疫苗抗原选择范围和引发的免疫反应范围。过去二十年，结核病疫苗研发取得了重大进展；一些新发现的结核病疫苗最近甚至完成了三期临床试验。
本文的目的是讨论新型抗结核疫苗研发的最新进展；深入了解疫苗介导的特异性免疫反应刺激机制，并探讨疫苗与全球终结结核病干预措施之间的相互作用。
