Nanopatterning and Bioprinting in Orthopedic Surgery.

In part 1 of this article, the authors explore nanoscale modifications of the surfaces of biomaterials, which offer an exciting potential venue for the prevention of bacterial adhesion and growth. Despite advances in the design and manufacture of implants, infection remains an important and often devastating mode of failure. In part 2, additive technologies for tissue engineering, live cell printing (bioprinting), and tissue fabrication are briefly introduced. The similarities and differences between bioprinting and non-bio 3D-printing approaches and requirements are discussed, along with terminological definitions, current processes, requirements, and biomaterial and cell-type selection and sourcing.