University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Jun;36(11-12):NP6281-NP6303. doi: 10.1177/0886260518812813. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Commonly reported sex trafficking indicators have been disseminated widely by government and non-governmental organizations in trainings aimed to increase identification and referral to resources. However, very little research evaluates such indicators. Drawing from survey responses of 86 social service providers, health care practitioners, and justice system officials in a Midwestern City, this pilot study aimed to examine: (a) the pervasiveness of the commonly reported indicators, (b) the salience of domains of indicators, and (c) the extent to which indicators differ across service populations (U.S.-born minors, U.S.-born adults, foreign born minors, and foreign born adults). The most commonly identified indicators included mental health symptoms of depression ( = 3.82); low self-esteem ( = 3.59); anxiety ( = 3.55); low levels of interpersonal trust ( = 3.52); sense of fear ( = 3.36); feelings of shame or guilt ( =3.34); isolation from family, friends, and communities ( = 3.3); and fear/distrust of law enforcement ( = 3.80). The least commonly identified indicators included exhibiting low English proficiency ( = 1.62), previous history of loitering charges ( = 1.74), presenting false documents ( = 1.85), presence of tattoos or branding ( = 1.89), presenting delayed cognitive development ( = 1.91), being unaware of one's location ( = 1.94), owing large debt ( = 1.95), previous history of prostitution or drug charges ( = 1.98, = 2.01), and physical evidence of torture ( = 2.07). The mental health domain was identified as especially common among U.S.-born adults ( = 3.07). Criminal justice involvement was identified as less common among foreign-born minors ( = 1.82) and foreign-born adults ( = 1.96). The most commonly identified indicators, according to the service providers, health care workers, and justice system officials who work with them, are inconsistent with many of the indicators that are used frequently across governmental and community trainings. Trainings focusing on diverse case examples of trafficking may be important in strengthening identification of sex trafficked individuals, as well as accounting for regional contexts.
常见的人口贩卖指标已在政府和非政府组织的培训中广泛传播，旨在提高对人口贩卖的识别和转介资源的能力。然而，很少有研究评估这些指标。本研究采用问卷调查法，对中西部城市的 86 名社会服务提供者、医疗保健从业者和司法系统官员的调查回复进行分析，旨在检验：（a）普遍报告的指标的普遍性；（b）指标领域的显著性；（c）指标在服务人群（美国出生的未成年人、美国出生的成年人、外国出生的未成年人和外国出生的成年人）之间的差异程度。最常被识别出的指标包括心理健康方面的抑郁症状（ = 3.82）；低自尊（ = 3.59）；焦虑（ = 3.55）；人际信任程度低（ = 3.52）；恐惧感（ = 3.36）；羞耻感或内疚感（ =3.34）；与家人、朋友和社区隔离（ = 3.3）；以及对执法部门的恐惧/不信任（ = 3.80）。最不常被识别出的指标包括英语水平低（ = 1.62）、以前有游荡罪的历史（ = 1.74）、出示虚假文件（ = 1.85）、有纹身或烙印（ = 1.89）、认知发展延迟（ = 1.91）、不知道自己的位置（ = 1.94）、负债累累（ = 1.95）、以前有卖淫或毒品犯罪的历史（ = 1.98， = 2.01）和身体受到酷刑的证据（ = 2.07）。心理健康领域在美籍成年人口中尤为常见（ = 3.07）。刑事司法介入在外国出生的未成年人（ = 1.82）和外国出生的成年人（ = 1.96）中较少见。根据与他们一起工作的服务提供者、医疗保健工作者和司法系统官员的说法，最常被识别出的指标与政府和社区培训中经常使用的许多指标不一致。关注人口贩卖的不同案例可能对加强对被贩卖人口的识别以及考虑到地区背景很重要。
