School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance of Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Australia.
Hunter Industrial Medicine, Newcastle, Australia.
Environ Int. 2019 Jan;122:363-368. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.044. Epub 2018 Nov 27.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) were used intensively as flame retardants, worldwide. They have been detected in human serum samples and PBDEs have been found to be elevated in young children. Commercial Penta- and Octa-PBDE mixtures were banned in Australia in 2005, while HBCDD was banned worldwide in 2013. We investigated PBDE and HBCDD concentrations in serum collected from young children. We also investigated temporal trends in PBDE concentration 10 years after their Australian ban. Surplus human blood serum samples were collected through a pathology clinic (n = 800), in 2014/15, stratified by age (0-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18-24, 24-30, 30-36, 36-42, 42-48, 48-54 and 54-60 months) and sex and pooled for analysis of PBDEs (BDEs -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183) and HBCDD. In 2014/15, the geometric mean concentration of the sum of all PBDEs measured (ΣPBDEs) was 4.5 ng/g lipid (median: 4.6 ng/g lipid, range: 0.88-26 ng/g lipid). A positive association between BDE-47 concentration and age was observed (R = 0.41, p = 0.008), however there were no trends between other PBDE congeners or HBCDD and age. There were no significant differences between genders for PBDEs (t-test, p = 0.802) or HBCDD (t-test, p = 0.740).The highest concentrations observed were in pools from the females 30-36 month (26 ng/g lipid) and Males 6-12 month (21 ng/g lipid) categories. BDEs -47 and -99 were the predominant congeners with a combined average contribution of 75% of ΣPBDEs. PBDEs showed a significant reduction in children aged 0-4 years over an eight year period. In 2014/15, the mean (range) concentration of BDE-47 is 2.8 (0.23 to 11) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 19 (3-55) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001) and for BDE-153 is 0.73 (<0.1 = -2.9) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 4.7 (2-10) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001). HBCDD concentrations were lower than PBDEs with a mean concentration of 0.45 ng/g lipid. There were no temporal trends observed for HBCDD when compared to samples collected in 2012. The dominant stereoisomer was α-HBCDD (mean = 0.38 ng/g lipid) with an average contribution of 65% towards ΣHBCDD. Levels of PBDEs in young Australian children have significantly decreased since the bans of commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE in 2005. There has been no observed decrease in HBCDD levels in Australian children since its ban in 2012.
多溴二苯醚 (PBDEs) 和六溴环十二烷 (HBCDD) 曾被广泛用作阻燃剂，在全球范围内均有检出。在人类血清样本中也检测到了 PBDEs，且在幼儿中发现 PBDEs 水平升高。2005 年，澳大利亚禁止使用商用五溴和八溴二苯醚混合物，而 HBCDD 则于 2013 年在全球范围内被禁止。我们调查了在澳大利亚禁止 PBDEs 10 年后采集的幼儿血清中 PBDE 和 HBCDD 的浓度。我们还研究了 PBDE 浓度的时间趋势。通过病理诊所收集了多余的人类血清样本（n=800），按年龄（0-6、6-12、12-18、18-24、24-30、30-36、36-42、42-48、48-54 和 54-60 个月）和性别分层，并对 BDEs-28、-47、-99、-100、-153、-154、-183 和 HBCDD 进行了分析。2014/15 年，所有测量的 PBDEs 总和（ΣPBDEs）的几何平均浓度为 4.5ng/g 脂质（中位数：4.6ng/g 脂质，范围：0.88-26ng/g 脂质）。BDE-47 浓度与年龄呈正相关（R=0.41，p=0.008），但其他 PBDE 同系物或 HBCDD 与年龄之间没有趋势。在 PBDEs（t 检验，p=0.802）或 HBCDD（t 检验，p=0.740）方面，男女之间没有显著差异。观察到的最高浓度出现在女性 30-36 个月（26ng/g 脂质）和男性 6-12 个月（21ng/g 脂质）组的样本中。BDEs-47 和 -99 是主要的同系物，其总和占 ΣPBDEs 的 75%。0-4 岁儿童体内的 PBDEs 浓度在八年期间显著下降。2014/15 年，BDE-47 的平均（范围）浓度为 2.8（0.23-11）ng/g 脂质，而 2006/07 年的浓度为 19（3-55）ng/g 脂质（p<0.0001），BDE-153 的浓度为 0.73（<0.1=-2.9）ng/g 脂质，而 2006/07 年的浓度为 4.7（2-10）ng/g 脂质（p<0.0001）。HBCDD 的浓度低于 PBDEs，平均浓度为 0.45ng/g 脂质。与 2012 年采集的样本相比，HBCDD 没有观察到时间趋势。主要的立体异构体是 α-HBCDD（平均值=0.38ng/g 脂质），占 ΣHBCDD 的 65%。自 2005 年禁止商用五溴和八溴二苯醚以来，澳大利亚幼儿体内的 PBDEs 水平显著下降。自 2012 年禁止 HBCDD 以来，澳大利亚儿童体内的 HBCDD 水平并未下降。
