Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
Environ Int. 2017 Aug;105:95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.010. Epub 2017 May 17.
The legacy flame retardants (LFRs) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), together with six emerging flame retardants (EFRs) were measured in United Kingdom (UK) human milk collected in 2010 (n=25) and 2014-15 (n=10). These data are the first report of the presence of EFRs in UK human milk. The most abundant EFR was β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) (average=2.5ng/g lw; geometric mean=1.5ng/g lw), which is comparable to the concentrations of the most abundant LFRs i.e. BDE 47 and α-HBCDD at 2.8 and 2.1ng/g lw, respectively (geometric mean=2.1 and 1.7). The estimated median dietary intake of ΣEFRs by UK nursing infants was 18ng/kg bw/day. EFRs were also measured in UK foodstuffs with β-DBE-DBCH again the predominant compound detected, accounting - on average - for 64.5±23.4% of ΣEFRs. Average estimated dietary intakes of ∑EFRs in the UK were 89 and 26ng/day (1.3 and 2.6ng/body weight/day) for adults and toddlers, respectively. Concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs in our UK food samples exceeded those reported in UK samples from the same food categories collected in 2003-04 and 2006. Despite this and our recent report elsewhere of significant temporal declines in concentrations of BDE 209 in UK indoor dust (p<0.05) and HBCDDs in UK indoor dust and air (p<0.001), no significant temporal differences (p>0.05) were observed between concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs, BDE 209 and HBCDDs in human milk sampled in 2010 and those obtained in 2014-15. UK adult body burdens for EFRs were predicted via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion using a simple pharmacokinetic model. The predicted EFR body burdens compared well with observed concentrations in human milk.
在 2010 年（n=25）和 2014-15 年（n=10）采集的英国（英国）人乳中测量了多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和六溴环十二烷（HBCDD）在内的传统阻燃剂（LFRs）和六种新兴阻燃剂（EFRs）。这些数据是英国首次报告人乳中存在 EFRs。最丰富的 EFR 是β-四溴乙基环己烷（DBE-DBCH）（平均值=2.5ng/g lw；几何平均值=1.5ng/g lw），与最丰富的 LFRs 即 BDE 47 和 α-HBCDD 的浓度相当，分别为 2.8 和 2.1ng/g lw（几何平均值=2.1 和 1.7）。估计英国哺乳期婴儿的 EFRs 总膳食摄入量中位数为 18ng/kg bw/day。EFRs 也在英国食品中进行了测量，β-DBE-DBCH 再次是检测到的主要化合物，占ΣEFRs 的平均值-为 64.5±23.4%。在英国，成人和幼儿的 EFRs 总膳食摄入量的平均估计值分别为 89 和 26ng/天（1.3 和 2.6ng/体重/天）。我们在英国食品样本中测量的 Σ 三六溴二苯醚浓度超过了我们在 2003-04 年和 2006 年从同一食品类别收集的英国样本中报告的浓度。尽管如此，我们最近在其他地方报告了英国室内灰尘中 BDE 209 浓度（p<0.05）和 HBCDDs 在英国室内灰尘和空气中（p<0.001）的显著时间下降，但 2010 年和 2014-15 年采集的人乳中 Σ 三六溴二苯醚、BDE 209 和 HBCDDs 的浓度没有观察到显著的时间差异（p>0.05）。使用简单的药代动力学模型通过吸入、饮食和灰尘摄入预测了英国成人的 EFR 体内负荷。预测的 EFR 体内负荷与人乳中的观察浓度相当。
