基于地面观测和 MERRA-2 再分析数据的中国北京地区黑碳变化、来源及历史趋势。
Variation, sources and historical trend of black carbon in Beijing, China based on ground observation and MERRA-2 reanalysis data.
机构信息
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, China.
出版信息
Environ Pollut. 2019 Feb;245:853-863. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.063. Epub 2018 Nov 23.
Based on the ground-measurements and MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2) reanalysis data, the temporal-spatial variation of black carbon (BC) in Beijing and the affecting factors were investigated. According to the ground-measured BC concentration in November months of 2014, 2015 and 2016, the before-heating period in November 2014 showed the lowest BC concentration as a result of the efficient emission controls for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting. Except for November 2014, the BC mass concentration during the heating periods was notably lower than the before-heating periods in November 2015 and 2016. Wind speed and relative humidity appeared to be two important meteorological parameters affecting BC pollution. The MERRA-2 BC concentration was validated through comparison with the continuous ground BC measurements in 2015 and 2016, affirming its reliability in demonstrating the large scale and long term variations of the ground BC concentration. The MERRA-2 BC spatial distribution, the potential source regions determined by concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis, and the regional emission inventories were combined to reveal the potential source regions and source types of BC in Beijing. Transportation emission in Beijing and residential emissions in the neighboring regions such as Hebei appeared to be important sources of BC in Beijing. According to the historical trends of MERRA-2 BC concentration and typical fossil fuel consumption (1980-2017), local coal and coke are no longer the major factor affecting the BC concentration, instead, liquid fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel may highly contribute to the BC pollution in Beijing in recent years. Regional transport of BC may have also contributed to the loading of BC in Beijing. Open biomass burning may be a non-negligible factor for the short-term variation of BC in the atmosphere.
基于地面测量和 MERRA-2（现代回顾分析研究与应用，版本 2）再分析数据，研究了北京地区黑碳（BC）的时空变化及其影响因素。根据 2014 年、2015 年和 2016 年 11 月的地面 BC 浓度测量结果，由于亚太经合组织（APEC）会议期间采取了有效的排放控制措施，2014 年 11 月供暖前的 BC 浓度最低。除 2014 年 11 月外，2015 年和 2016 年供暖期间的 BC 质量浓度明显低于供暖前的 11 月。风速和相对湿度似乎是影响 BC 污染的两个重要气象参数。通过与 2015 年和 2016 年连续的地面 BC 测量结果进行比较，验证了 MERRA-2 的 BC 浓度，证明了其在展示地面 BC 浓度的大尺度和长期变化方面的可靠性。MERRA-2 的 BC 空间分布、浓度加权轨迹（CWT）分析确定的潜在源区以及区域排放清单结合起来，揭示了北京地区 BC 的潜在源区和源类型。北京的交通排放和邻近河北省的居民排放似乎是北京地区 BC 的重要来源。根据 MERRA-2 BC 浓度的历史趋势和典型化石燃料消耗（1980-2017 年），当地的煤和焦炭不再是影响 BC 浓度的主要因素，相反，汽油、煤油和柴油等液体燃料可能是近年来北京 BC 污染的主要因素。BC 的区域传输也可能导致北京的 BC 负荷增加。开放生物质燃烧可能是大气中 BC 短期变化的一个不可忽视的因素。
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