Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
Department of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
Science. 2018 Dec 14;362(6420):1309-1313. doi: 10.1126/science.aav0207.
Domesticated maize evolved from wild teosinte under human influences in Mexico beginning around 9000 years before the present (yr B.P.), traversed Central America by ~7500 yr B.P., and spread into South America by ~6500 yr B.P. Landrace and archaeological maize genomes from South America suggest that the ancestral population to South American maize was brought out of the domestication center in Mexico and became isolated from the wild teosinte gene pool before traits of domesticated maize were fixed. Deeply structured lineages then evolved within South America out of this partially domesticated progenitor population. Genomic, linguistic, archaeological, and paleoecological data suggest that the southwestern Amazon was a secondary improvement center for partially domesticated maize. Multiple waves of human-mediated dispersal are responsible for the diversity and biogeography of modern South American maize.
驯化玉米是在人类的影响下，从墨西哥的野生类蜀黍演变而来的，大约在现在 9000 年前（公元前），驯化玉米穿过中美洲，大约在公元前 7500 年传播到南美洲，大约在公元前 6500 年。来自南美洲的地方品种和考古玉米基因组表明，南美洲玉米的祖先是从墨西哥的驯化中心带出来的，在驯化玉米的特征固定之前，与野生类蜀黍基因库隔离。然后，这些部分驯化的祖先群体在南美洲内部进化出了深度结构的谱系。基因组、语言、考古和古生态学数据表明，亚马逊西南部是部分驯化玉米的二次改良中心。多次人类介导的扩散是现代南美洲玉米多样性和生物地理学的原因。
